Table 2.

Association between anti-diabetic drugs and hepatocellular carcinoma

Study	Region	Drug	Etiology	Study design	Patients/HCC cases	Result (95% CI)	P-value
Chen et al. [33] (2015)	Taiwan	Metformin	HBV	Population-based cohort study	71,824/1,753	HR, 1.25 (1.06–1.47)	<0.01
Hsu et al. [34] (2018)	Taiwan	Metformin	HBV	Population-based cohort study	27,820/802	HR, 2.20 (1.86–2.60)	<0.01
Yip et al. [35] (2020)	Hongkong	Thiazolidinediones	HBV	Retrospective cohort study	28,999/2,307	HR, 0.46 (0.24–0.88)	0.19
Yang et al. [24] (2020)	USA	Metformin	NAFLD	Retrospective cohort study	354/30	HR, 1.93 (0.84–4.41)	0.12
Lee et al. [36] (2017)	Taiwan	Metformin	NAFLD	Population-based cohort study	18,080	HR, 1.29 (0.47–3.54)	0.62
Kramer et al. [37] (2022)	USA	Insulin	NAFLD	Retrospective cohort study	85,963/524	HR, 1.05 (0.88–1.27)	0.57
		Sulfonylureas				HR, 0.98 (0.84-.1.16)	0.84
		Insulin-metformin				HR, 1.53 (1.25-1.86)	<0.01
		Insulin-metformin-sulfonylureas				HR, 1.71 (1.41-2.08)	<0.01

HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HR, hazard ratio; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.