Table 3.
Lipid profiles, NMR phenotyping and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity.
| Variable |
COVID-19 negative controls1 N = 30 |
COVID-19 positive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mild or no symptoms2 N = 38 |
Severe acute symptoms3 N = 33 |
MIS-C4 N = 31 |
p-Value | Multiple comp* | ||
| NMR lipids, lipoproteins and metabolites, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Total Cholesterol, mmol/L |
3.5 (3.2–3.8) |
3.8 (3.0–4.7) |
4.2 (2.9–5.3) |
3.5 (2.5−4.3) |
0.421 | All equal |
| Total Triglycerides, mmol/L |
0.7 (0.6–0.9) |
0.7 (0.6–1.3) |
1.0 (0.7–1.7) |
1.3 (1.1–1.8) |
0.001 | 1 & 2 < 4 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L |
1.9 (1.5–2.2) |
1.8 (1.3–2.5) |
1.6 (1.3–2.7) |
1.4 (0.7–2.3) |
0.085 | All equal |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L |
1.3 (1.1–1.6) |
1.5 (1.1–1.6) |
1.4 (0.7–2.3) |
0.7 (0.6–1.1) |
<0.001 | 1 & 2 > 3 1, 2 & 3 > 4 |
| Tot TRL-Particles, nmol/L | 63.0 (44.3–78.3) |
66.3 (38.8–135.1) |
83.9 (55.1–189.5) |
159.0 (95.6–214.0) |
<0.001 | 1 & 2 < 4 |
| Very Large TRL-Particles, nmol/L | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) |
0.2 (0.1–0.3) |
0.1 (0.1–0.2) |
0.1 (0–0.2) |
0.052 | All equal |
| Large TRL-Particles, nmol/L |
0.1 (0–0.2) |
0.1 (0–0.8) |
0.6 (0.1–4.2) |
1.0 (0.2–4.8) |
<0.001 | 1 < 4 |
| Medium TRL-particles, nmol/L |
1.9 (0–13.0) |
3.6 (0.9–19.8) |
3.6 (0.2–21.5) |
5.0 (1.4–13.6) |
0.740 | All equal |
| Small TRL-particles, nmol/L |
27.9 (17.9–41.7) |
25.6 (14.2–41.2) |
27.4 (13.5–48.7) |
53.8 (33.8–61.7) |
0.004 | 1 & 2 < 4 |
| Very small TRL-particles, nmol/L |
12.5 (1.0–42.5) |
26.1 (13.3–51.2) |
61.3 (28.5–139.8) |
92.4 (45.5–157.3) |
<0.001 | 1 < 3 1 & 2 < 4 |
| Total LDL-particles, nmol/L |
1,032 (846–1,230) |
1,096 (817–1,418) |
1,360 (839–1,708) |
1,300 (1,027–1,490) |
0.102 | All equal |
| Large LDL-particles, nmol/L |
285 (118–363) |
172 (53–326) |
117 (38–273) |
39 (0–347) |
0.133 | All equal |
| Medium LDL-particles, nmol/L | 424 (184–545) |
199 (97–498) |
58 (0–392) |
0 (0–0) |
<0.001 | 1 > 3 & 4 2 > 4 |
| Small LDL-particles, nmol/L |
403 (259–529) |
515 (394–836) |
682 (506–941) |
258 (0–774) |
0.005 | 1 < 3 |
| Total HDL-particles, mmol/L |
18.0 (16.1–19.7) |
17.2 (15.4–20.5) |
13.7 (8.5–17.3) |
5.5 (3.7–11.7) |
<0.001 | 1 & 2 > 3 1, 2 & 3 > 4 |
| Large HDL-particles, mmol/L |
2.5 (1.5–3.9) |
2.7 (1.1–3.6) |
0.9 (0.5–1.7) |
1.2 (0.7–1.7) |
<0.001 | 1 & 2 > 3 & 4 |
| Medium HDL-particles, mmol/L |
3.4 (2.8–3.8) |
3.9 (2.8–5.3) |
5.1 (2.0–6.4) |
3.2 (2.1–5.2) |
0.145 | All equal |
| Small HDL-particles, mmol/L |
11.9 (9.3–13.4) |
11.0 (9.2–12.3) |
6.3 (3.0–10.4) |
0.7 (0–4.4) |
<0.001 | 1 & 2 > 3 1, 2 & 3 > 4 |
| Lipoprotein X, No. (%) |
0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 4 (14%) | 9 (30%) | <0.001 | 1 & 2 < 4 |
| Lipoprotein Z, No. (%) |
0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 5 (18%) | 16 (53%) | <0.001 | 1,2 & 3 < 4 |
| Glyc A, mmol/L |
343.3 (314.4–375.8) |
397.4 (295.1–512.4) |
594.7 (422.2–706.2) |
532.2 (442.5–632.3) | <0.001 | 1 < 3 & 4 2 < 4 |
| Apolipoprotein AI, mmol/L |
37.8 (34.7–42.1) |
42.5 (34.9–49.4) |
33.0 (22.6–40.0) |
16.5 (11.9–31.7) |
<0.001 | 1, 2 & 3 > 4 |
| Apolipoprotein B, mg/dl |
1.2 (0.9–1.4) |
1.2 (0.9–1.5) |
1.4 (0.9–2.0) |
1.5 (1.3–1.7) |
0.008 | 1 < 4 |
| HDL cholesterol efflux capacity | 0.80 (0.73–0.97) N = 29 |
0.70 (0.64–0.80) N = 28 |
0.62 (0.55–0.73) N = 30 |
0.55 (0.41–0.70) N = 30 |
<0.001 | 1 > 2, 3 & 4 2 > 4 |
IQR, interquartile range; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; TRL, triglyceride rich lipoproteins; mg/dl, milligrams per deciliter; mmol/L, micromoles per liter; MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children; No., number.
*
Multiple comparisons. Bonferroni adjusted p-values for 6 comparisons < 0.0083.