TABLE 2.

Characteristics conferred from different CMs and their applications.

Cell membrane type	Characteristics conferred from CM coating	Application	Reference
Red blood cell	Prolonged blood circulation	Tumor imaging	(Aryal et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2013; Jiang et al., 2017; Rao et al., 2017; Xia et al., 2019)
	Tumor homing	Cancer therapy
Macrophage	Accumulates in inflammatory sites	Cancer therapy	Cao et al. (2016), Cao et al. (2020), Choo et al. (2018); Zhang et al. (2020); Han et al. (2021); Gong et al. (2021b); Tang et al. (2021)
	Penetrates blood–brain barrier	Nano-sponges for virus
	Polarizes macrophages (polarized macrophage CM)	Drug delivery for neurological diseases
Dendritic cell	T-cell activation (mature dendritic CM)	Cancer therapy	(Liu et al., 2019b; Cheng et al., 2020)
	Tumor homing
Natural-killer cell	Polarizes macrophages	Photodynamic therapy	Deng et al. (2018)
	Tumor homing
T-cell	Tumor homing	Photothermal therapy	(Han et al., 2019; Yaman et al., 2020)
		Chemotherapy
Platelets	Adhesiveness	Drug delivery	(Li et al., 2016; Wei et al., 2016)
		Detoxification
Mesenchymal stem cell	Targets tumors at different developmental stages	Chemotherapy	(Toledano Furman et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2021)
	Accumulates in inflammatory sites	Anti-inflammatory drug delivery
	Contains diverse set of receptors	Tissue regeneration
Cancer cell	Tumor-specific antigen presentation	Cancer therapy	(Fang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2021)
	Homotypic binding	Tumor imaging
	Reduced blood clearance	Gene therapy
Outer mitochondrial membrane	Binding with membrane-specific ligands	Detoxification	(Gong et al., 2021a)
		Nano-sensor
Modified cell membrane	Improved targeting	Cancer therapy	(Zhou et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2019; Krishnamurthy et al., 2019; Park et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2022)
	Prolonged blood circulation	Drug delivery
	Introduces or regulates functional membrane molecules