TABLE 3.
Functions and application of some common exosomes.
| Exosome source | Function | Application |
|---|---|---|
| Cancer cells (Yong et al., 2019; Mehryab et al., 2020) | Cancer metastasis | Cancer therapy |
| Macrophage (McDonald et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2020b) | Immunoregulatory functions | Cancer therapy |
| Brain delivery | ||
| Mesenchymal stem cell (Kalimuthu et al., 2018; Nikfarjam et al., 2020) | Tissue regeneration | Regenerative medicine |
| Immunomodulation | Autoimmune disease | |
| Cancer therapy | ||
| Dendritic cell O’Loughlin et al. (2012); Pitt et al., 2016; De Jong et al., 2019; Xu, Jia and Xu, 2019) | Immunomodulation | Immunotherapy |
| Gene therapy | ||
| Autoimmune diseases | ||
| Blood (Qi et al., 2016; Hornung, Dutta and Bitan, 2020) | Disease progression | Chemotherapy |
| Diagnosis and monitoring treatment efficacy |