Table 2. ORs, Average Marginal Probabilities, and Average Marginal Effects on ED Returns for 16 987 ED Encounters.
| ED return | OR (95% CI) | Average marginal | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probability, % | Effect per 1000 encounters (95% CI) | |||
| Post–ED discharge follow-up visit | ||||
| In-person | 1 [Reference] | 15.6 | [Reference] | NA |
| Telehealth | 1.23 (1.09-1.39) | 18.5 | 28.3 (11.3-45.3) | .001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | 18.1 | [Reference] | NA |
| Female | 0.81 (0.68-0.97) | 15.3 | −28.5 (−53.0 to −4.0) | .02 |
| Race | ||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.63 (0.82-3.24) | 24.0 | 74.8 (−45.2 to 194.8) | .22 |
| Asian | 0.75 (0.55-1.03) | 13.0 | −34.2 (−69.2 to 0.8) | .06 |
| Black or African American | 1.22 (0.88-1.70) | 19.3 | 28.4 (−20.0 to 76.8) | .25 |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.47 (0.16-1.43) | 8.7 | −78.0 (−165.1 to 9.0) | .08 |
| Other race | 0.97 (0.81-1.17) | 16.1 | −4.0 (−28.4 to 20.4) | .75 |
| White | 1 [Reference] | 16.5 | [Reference] | NA |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Not Hispanic or Latinx | 1 [Reference] | 16.6 | [Reference] | NA |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 0.98 (0.81-1.1) | 16.3 | −2.5 (−27.3 to 22.3) | .85 |
| Language, primary | ||||
| Not English | 1 [Reference] | 16.1 | [Reference] | NA |
| English | 1.04 (0.83-1.30) | 16.5 | 4.9 (−24.9 to 34.6) | .75 |
| Insurance type | ||||
| Commercial insurance | 1 [Reference] | 12.9 | [Reference] | NA |
| Medicare | 1.67 (1.32-2.12) | 19.7 | 68.5 (35.2 to 101.8) | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 2.88 (2.23-3.71) | 29.5 | 166.3 (118.5 to 214.2) | <.001 |
| Uninsured | 0.77 (0.43-1.39) | 10.3 | −26.3 (−80.6 to 28.0) | .34 |
| Other insurance | 0.89 (0.55-1.41 | 11.5 | −13.6 (−61.8 to 34.7) | .58 |
| First ED visit acuity level | ||||
| Low, billing levels 1 and 2 | 0.99 (0.87-1.14) | 17.1 | −0.7 (−19.4 to 18.0) | .94 |
| Medium, billing level 3 | 1 [Reference] | 17.1 | [Reference] | NA |
| High, billing levels 4 and 5 | 0.76 (0.66-0.88) | 13.8 | −33.8 (−51.2 to −16.5) | <.001 |
| Time period | ||||
| April to June 2020 | 1.04 (0.85-1.27) | 16.3 | 5.4 (−20.6 to 31.3) | .69 |
| July to September 2020 | 1.03 (0.86-1.24) | 16.2 | 4.0 (−19.3 to 27.4) | .74 |
| October to December 2020 | 1 [Reference] | 15.8 | [Reference] | NA |
| January to March 2021 | 1.11 (0.93-1.33) | 17.2 | 13.8 (−10.0 to 37.6) | .26 |
| April to June 2021 | 1.07 (0.90-1.27) | 16.6 | 8.4 (−14.2 to 31.1) | .47 |
| July to September 2021 | 1.08 (0.90-1.28) | 16.8 | 9.8 (−13.5 to 33.1) | .41 |
| ED | ||||
| 1 | 1 [Reference] | 15.0 | [Reference] | NA |
| 2 | 1.24 (1.04-1.48) | 17.9 | 28.7 (6.0 to 51.3) | .01 |
| Continuous variablesa | ||||
| Time to follow-upb | 0.72 (0.59-0.87) | 15.6 | −4.8 (−7.5 to −2.0) | .001 |
| Social Vulnerability Index | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 16.4 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | .001 |
| Patient age, y | 1.00 (1.00-1.01 | 16.5 | 0.3 (−0.4 to 1.0) | .39 |
| Log distance to hospital | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 16.5 | −2.6 (−11.7 to 6.4) | .57 |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Average marginal probability calculated at mean of each continuous variable.
b
Odds ratio calculated at mean.