Table. Population Characteristics and BWZ Among 628 Participants in the MADRES Cohort.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | BWZ, mean (SD) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 628 (100) | −0.08 (1.03) | |
| Enrollment time point | |||
| Regular entry (<20 wk) | 461 (73.4) | −0.01 (1.03) | .006 |
| Late entry (20-30 wk) | 167 (26.6) | −0.26 (2.98) | |
| Language preference | |||
| English | 423 (67.4) | −0.10 (1.33) | .41 |
| Spanish | 203 (32.3) | −0.03 (1.11) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.3) | 0.78 (2.29) | |
| Maternal country of origin | |||
| Latin Americaa | 225 (35.8) | 0.06 (1.12) | .01 |
| US | 280 (44.6) | −0.09 (7.98) | |
| Other/unknownb | 123 (19.6) | −0.28 (1.12) | |
| Maternal ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 463 (73.7) | 0.01 (1.09) | .001 |
| Non-Hispanic | 130 (20.7) | −0.29 (1.15) | |
| Missing | 35 (5.6) | −0.44 (1.12) | |
| Cohabitation status | |||
| Cohabitate with spouse or partner | 373 (59.4) | −0.06 (1.22) | .74 |
| Noncohabitate | 131 (20.9) | −0.05 (1.84) | |
| Missing/decline to respond | 124 (19.7) | −0.14 (1.15) | |
| Annual household income, $ | |||
| <15 000 | 110 (17.5) | 0.00 (1.58) | .07 |
| 15 000-29 000 | 146 (23.2) | −0.00 (5.92) | |
| ≥30 000 | 138 (22.0) | −0.00 (1.84) | |
| Unknown | 200 (31.8) | −0.15 (1.04) | |
| Missing | 34 (5.4) | −0.49 (1.89) | |
| Educational level | |||
| Below 12th grade | 150 (23.9) | 0.03 (1.33) | .10 |
| Completed 12th grade | 177 (28.2) | −0.05 (5.97) | |
| Some college | 164 (26.1) | −0.09 (1.14) | |
| College or above | 103 (16.4) | −0.11 (7.99) | |
| Missing | 34 (5.4) | −0.49 (1.89) | |
| Prepregnancy BMI category | |||
| Normal/underweight | 204 (32.5) | −0.33 (1.97) | <.001 |
| Overweight | 194 (30.9) | −0.06 (1.99) | |
| Obese | 227 (36.1) | 0.14 (1.73) | |
| Missing | 3 (0.5) | −0.17 (1.06) | |
| Perceived Stress Scale scores | |||
| Low (<16) | 411 (65.4) | −0.02 (1.01) | .13 |
| High (≥16) | 132 (21.0) | −0.17 (1.05) | |
| Missing | 85 (13.5) | −0.20 (1.05) | |
| CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Cumulative Impact score | |||
| Low (<50) | 230 (36.6) | −0.11 (1.08) | .51 |
| High (≥50) | 396 (63.1) | −0.06 (0.99) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.3) | −0.12 (0.14) | |
| Birth order | |||
| First born | 191 (30.4) | −0.27 (1.52) | .001 |
| Second born | 167 (26.6) | −0.03 (6.99) | |
| Third or later born | 167 (26.6) | 0.16 (1.37) | |
| Missing | 103 (16.4) | −0.15 (1.11) | |
| Newborn sex | |||
| Female | 322 (51.3) | −0.00 (1.97) | .09 |
| Male | 306 (48.7) | −0.14 (9.98) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BWZ, birth weight for gestational age z score; MADRES, Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors.
a
This category includes small numbers of participants from Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.
b
N = Twenty-two for other country of origin, 101 for unknown owing to missing data.