Table 6.
Primary and secondary anthropometry outcomes at 24 months of age
| Outcomes | Group A (n=453) | Group B (n=439) | Group C (n=293) | Group D (n=271) | Preconception intervention v no preconception intervention (group A+B v C+D) | Pregnancy intervention v no pregnancy intervention (group A+C v B+D) | Preconception and pregnancy intervention v no preconception and pregnancy intervention (A v D) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (98.3% CI) | ARR‡ (%) or MD (98.3% CI) | IRR (98.3% CI) | ARR‡ (%) or MD (98.3% CI) | IRR (98.3% CI) | ARR‡ (%) or MD (98.3% CI) | |||||||||
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||||||||
| Length-for-age z score, mean (SD)* | −0.6 (1.2) | −1.0 (1.1) | −0.7 (1.1) | −1.0 (1.2) | — | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.21) | — | 0.40 (0.27 to 0.54) | — | 0.46 (0.27 to 0.66) | ||||
| Stunted† | 47 (10.4) | 85 (19.4) | 32 (10.9) | 51 (18.8) | 0.96 (0.71 to 1.29) | 0.69 (−3.39 to 4.78) | 0.51 (0.38 to 0.70) | −8.32 (−12.31 to −4.32) | 0.49 (0.32 to 0.75) | −7.98 (−14.24 to −1.71) | ||||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||||||||
| Weight-for-length z score, mean (SD)* | −0.7 (1.1) | −1.1 (1.0) | −0.8 (1.1) | −1.1 (1.0) | — | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18) | — | 0.33 (0.20 to 0.47) | — | 0.40 (0.20 to 0.60) | ||||
| Wasted† | 54 (11.9) | 71 (16.2) | 32 (10.9) | 43 (15.9) | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.43) | 1.01 (−3.15 to 5.16) | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.96) | −5.12 (−9.18 to −1.06) | 0.71 (0.44 to 1.13) | −3.71 (−9.57 to 2.15) | ||||
| Weight-for-age z score, mean (SD)* | −0.8 (1.2) | −1.3 (1.1) | −0.9 (1.1) | −1.3 (1.2) | — | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.22) | — | 0.45 (0.31 to 0.59) | — | 0.54 (0.33 to 0.75) | ||||
| Underweight† | 70 (15.5) | 104 (23.7) | 42 (14.3) | 67 (24.7) | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.25) | 0.78 (−3.80 to 5.36) | 0.57 (0.44 to 0.75) | −9.17 (−13.66 to −4.68) | 0.56 (0.39 to 0.80) | −8.76 (−15.67 to −1.85) | ||||
| Mid upper arm circumference (cm), mean (SD)* | 14.8 (1.3) | 14.4 (1.1) | 14.7 (1.2) | 14.4 (1.1) | — | 0.08 (−0.07 to 0.23) | — | 0.39 (0.24 to 0.54) | — | 0.49 (0.28 to 0.71) | ||||
| Head circumference (cm), mean (SD)* | 46.1 (1.4) | 45.8 (1.4) | 45.9 (1.5) | 45.7 (1.4) | — | 0.14 (−0.05 to 0.32) | — | 0.34 (0.15 to 0.53) | — | 0.46 (0.19 to 0.74) | ||||
Data are numbers (%) unless indicated otherwise.
ARR=absolute risk reduction; CI=confidence interval; IRR=incidence rate ratio; MD=mean difference; SD=standard deviation.
Mean difference, †incidence rate ratio, adjusted for place of birth, family possesses below poverty line card, woman’s height, woman’s body mass index, as potential confounders and twins for clustering within a household; 98.3% CI for primary and secondary outcomes (to correct for multiple comparisons). ‡Absolute risk reduction, adjusted for place of birth, family possesses below poverty line card, woman’s height, woman’s body mass index for potential confounder and twins for clustering within the household.
Stunting: length-for-age z score <–2 standard deviations of World Health Organization child growth standards; wasting: weight-for-height z score <−2 standard deviations of WHO child growth standards; underweight: weight-for-age z score <−2 standard deviations of WHO child growth standards. Group A: preconception, pregnancy and early childhood intervention; group B: only preconception intervention; group C: only pregnancy and early childhood intervention; group D: control. Group A+B v group C+D: effect of preconception interventions: women who received interventions compared with those who did not receive preconception interventions; group A+C v group B+D: effect of pregnancy and early childhood interventions: women who received these interventions compared with those who did not receive these interventions; group A v group D: effect of preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood interventions: women who received interventions in these periods compared with those who received routine care.