Table 2.
The immunomodulatory role of ginsenosides in vivo.
| The immunostimulatory role of ginsenosides in vivo | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of ginsenosides | Ginsenosides | Applications | Animal models | Signaling pathways/mechanisms | Cytokine/molecules | Ref. |
| PPD-type | Rg3 | Mouse macrophages | Lung injury in BALB/c mice | ERK1/2 p38 | TNF-α↑ IL-6↑ |
[51] |
| Lymphocytes | H22 transplanted KM mice | Th1 | IFN-γ↑ IL-2↑ |
[68] | ||
| Mouse macrophages and Lymphocytes | CP-injury In BALB/c mice |
Th1/Th2 | IgG, IL-2↑ T-bet, IFN-γ↑ GATA-3↑ IL-4↑ |
[69] | ||
| Rh2 | CP-treated C57BL/6J BALB/c mice |
Fatty acid metabolism | [70] | |||
| Lymphocytes | B16F10-injected C57BL/6 mice | CD4+ and CD8a+ T-lymphocytes' infiltration | [71] | |||
| nanoparticles (Rb2, Rc, Rb1 and Rd) | Lymphocytes | Against OVA in ICR mice | Th1/Th2 | IgG↑ IFN-γ, IL-5↑ |
[73] | |
| Rd | adjuvant | Against OVA in ICR mice | Th1/Th2 | IL-2, IL4↑ IL-10↑ |
[73] | |
| Adjuvant with CASM | Candidiasis-infected BALB/c mice | Th1/Th2 | IFN-γ↑ IL-4, IgG2a↑ |
[75] | ||
| Rb1 | Adjuvant with PPV vaccine | PPV infected BALB/c mice | Th1/Th2 | TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IgG↑ |
[76] | |
| Adjuvant with EV71 | EV71 infected ICR mice | Th1/Th2 | TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IgA, IgG↑ |
[77] | ||
| PPT-type | Rg1, Rg2 | Adjuvant | Against OVA in BALB/c mice | Th1/Th2 | IgG1, IgG2a↑ IFN-γ, IL-5↑ |
[57] |
| Rg1 | Adjuvant with aluminum hydroxide | Against OVA in BALB/c mice | Th1/Th2 | IgG1, IgG2a↑ IFN-γ, IL-5↑ |
[58] | |
| Adjuvant with HBsAg | Hepatitis B infected BALB/c mice | Th1/Th2 TLR4 |
IFN-γ, IgG2b↑ IL-4, IgG1↑ |
[59] | ||
| Adjuvant with rSAG1 | T. gondii infected ICR mice | NK cells T helper cells | IFN-γ, IL-4↑ | [60] | ||
| Adjuvant with PRRSV vaccine | PRRSV infected ICR mice | Th1/Th2/Th17 type I interferon | IFN-γ, IL-2↑ IL-5, IL-10↑ IL-6, IL-17A↑ |
[61] | ||
| Adjuvant with bursal disease vaccine | CP infected chicken | Th1 | IFN-γ, IL-6↑ | [62] | ||
| Notoginsenoside R1, Rh4 | Adjuvant | Against OVA in ICR mice | Th1 | IgG, IgG1, IgG2b↑ | [63] [64] |
|
| Re | Adjuvant with H3N2 | Inactivated influenza virus infected ICR mice | Th1/Th2 | IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, HI titer↑ IFN-γ, IL-5↑ |
[65] | |
| Adjuvant with ROP18 antigen | Toxoplasma gondi infected ICR mice | Th1/Th2 | IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12↑ | [66] | ||
| Adjuvant with RV | Inactivated rabies virus infected ICR mice | Th1/Th2 | IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12↑ ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ ↑ | [67] | ||
| The immunosuppressive role of ginsenosides in vivo | ||||||
| PPD-type | Rg3 | C57BL/6 mice with RA | Th1 | TNF-α, IL-6↓ | [85] | |
| CK | Lymphocytes | Acute cardiac allograft rejection in C57BL/6, BALB/c mice | Th1 | IL-2, IFN-γ↓ | [86] | |
| Lymphocytes | STZ-induced diabetic mice with islet transplantation | CD4+, CD8+ T cells↓ | [87] | |||
| Rd | Allo-skin transplanted C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice | Th1 | TNF-α, IL-12↓ | [88] | ||
| PPT-type | Rg1 | Lymphocytes | CLP-induced C57BL/6 induced | Th1/Th2 | TNF-α, IL-6 IL-10↓ | [78] |
| Lymphocytes | CFA-induced AIA 3D rats | NF-κB | TNF-α IL-6↓ |
[79] | ||
| Lymphocytes | type 2 PRRSV-infected piglets | Th1 | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8↓ |
[80] | ||
| Rg6 | Lymphocytes | LPS-induced C57BL/6 mice (Septic shock) | NF-κB MAPKs | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40↓ |
[81] | |