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. 2022 Oct 12;13:1022403. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1022403

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Copyright © 2022 Pan, Zheng, Zheng, Shi, Ning, Zhang, Xie, Xiang and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram showing the possible mechanisms of Huang-Qi-Ling-Hua-San ameliorating type 2 diabetes via Christensenella. HQLHS treatment inhibited harmful bacteria and enriched beneficial bacteria, especially Christensenella. Christensenella promoted the production of GLP-1; Reduced the expression of GLUT2 and SGLT1, thereby inhibiting the transport of glucose in the small intestine; Increased the expression of ZO-1 and Claudin-1, thus decreasing the entry of LPS into the periphery, and reduced inflammation through LPS/TLR4/NF-κB; Improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes; Decreased the expression of G-6-Pase and PEPCK, which inhibited gluconeogenesis; Increased the synthesis of liver glycogen; Regulated liver metabolites such as BCAAs, tryptophan, kynurenate, and taurine.