. 2022 Oct 17;12(20):2809. doi: 10.3390/ani12202809

Table 9.

Effect of gum Arabic (GA) on duodenal histomorphometric of male broiler chickens on d 10 of age.

Parameters	GA Levels, %						SEM ¹	p-Value ²
Parameters	0.00	0.12	0.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	SEM ¹	GA	L	Q
Villus length, μm	833 ^b	1077 ^a	904 ^a	975 ^a	1054 ^a	1025 ^a	16.9	0.001	0.001	0.047
Crypt depth, μm	148 ^b	159 ^b	162 ^a	154 ^b	157 ^b	137 ^b	3.80	0.001	0.161	0.001
Length to crypt depth	8.8 ^b	13.2 ^a	14.0 ^a	10.2 ^a	12.7 ^a	12.2 ^a	0.30	0.001	0.001	0.001

^a,b Means that do not share a common superscripted letter within a row for each parameter differ significantly from those of the basal diet (0.0%), as determined by the Dunnett test (p < 0.05). ¹ SEM = Standard error of means for diet effect. ² GA = gum Arabic response; L = linear response; Q = quadratic response.