Fig. 3.

Social contexts of ultrasonic vocalizations in adult rats and mice. USVs emitted by adult rats can be divided into two categories: A 22 kHz USVs emitted in aversive contexts and B 50 kHz USVs emitted in appetitive contexts. C An example of various USV elements emitted by male mice during a male–female interaction. Social contexts of USV emission by mice include male–female interactions D when both animals are awake or when E the female is anesthetized, and male-male interactions in which the vocalizer F has been socially isolated prior to the encounter, G held in a restrainer, or H introduced to an anesthetized intruder. In female-female interactions, USVs are emitted I in response to a novel female, J in response to an awake female intruder, and K in response to an anesthetized female intruder