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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The low glucose environment could increase ROS accumulation. Increased ROS allows for phosphorylation of the Akt signal pathway and ERK pathway, which inhibits cell proliferation, induces cellular autophagy, and increases the expression of inflammatory cytokine.