Table 1.
Summary of current work on SeNPs produced by probiotic/nonpathogenic bacteria with potential anticancer effects.
| Probiotic | SeNPs Synthesizing Conditions |
SeNPs Size (nm) | Cancer/Normal Cell Line | Method/Model | Dose | Anticarcinogenic Action/Major Outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus sp. MSh-1 | Aerobically grown in nutrient broth medium (pH 7) at 30 °C for 36 h in the presence of 281 mg SeO2/L, at 150 rpm | 80–220 | MCF-7/- | MTT, DPPH, RPA | 6.7 µg/mL 200 µg/mL |
Shown a greater DPPH scavenging action but lower reducing power than SeO2 at 200 µg/mL. Presented poor cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cell line compared to SeO2 | [32] |
| Bacillus sp. MSh-1 | Aerobically in nutrient broth (pH 7) at 30 °Cfor 36 h in the presence of 281 mg SeO2/L, at 150 rpm | 80–220 | HT-1080/- | MTT | 10–100 μg/mL | Dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Inhibitory influence on the MMP-2 expression in the human HT-1080 | [33] |
| Bacillus licheniformis JS2 | Aerobically under the stress of 1.8 mM Na2SeO3, grown for 15 h at 200 rpm at 37 °C in TSB medium | 40–180 | PC-3/- | 2 µg Se/mL | Induced ROS-mediated necroptosis. Increased expression of necroptosis-related tumor TNF and IRF1. Improved expression of RIP1 protein | [36] | |
| Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716 | Aerobically grown in nutrient broth containing 1 mM SeO2 at 37 °C for 24 h at 200 rpm | 50–80 | - | Animal model (Rats) | 0.2 mg Se/kg (orally) | Chemo preventive effect on lung cancer tempted by iron ions. Reduced oxidative stress and inflammation markers of TN F-α and CRP | [52] |
| Lactobacillus brevis | Anaerobically grown in MRS broth for 72 h at 37 °C in the stress of 2.54 mM SeO2 solution | NA | - | Animal model (Mice) | 0.5 mL of SeNP-enriched biomass (orally) | Shown a great level of IFN-γ and IL-17 with an elevation in DTH responses and NK cytotoxicity. Prolonged lifetime and drop in the malignant cancer metastasis | [53] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014) | Anaerobically grown under the stress of 2.54 mM SeO2 at 37 °C for 72 h | <250 | - | Animal model (mice) | SeNPs enriched biomass (Orally) | Encourage an effective immune response via raise in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, levels and improved in NK cell activity. Decreased tumor volumes and enhanced survival rate | [54] |
| Lactobacillusplantarum strain (ATCC 8014) | Anaerobically grown for 72 h in MRS broth at 37 °C in the existence of 200 mg/L SeO2 | <250 | - | Animal model (Mice) | 100 μg/day (orally) | Increased creation of Th1 cytokines similar to IL-12 and IFN-γ in cells of spleen. Increased DTH response. Showed higher survival rate in animal breast cancer model | [55] |
| Lactobacillus brevis | Anaerobically grown at 37 °C for 72 h in 200 mg/L containing SeO2 MRS broth | NA | NA | Animal model (Mouse) | 100 µg/mouse (inject) | Increased the amount of serum IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ and declined TGF-β in mice injected with SeNPs/vaccine. Lowered the tumor volume, improve DTH responses with a longer survival rate | [56] |
| Lactobacillus brevis | Anaerobically grown for 72 h in MRS broth at 37 °C, subsequently adding 200 mg/L of SeO2 | - | - | Animal model (Mice) | 100 µg/day (orally) | Increased significantly the levels of cellular immunomodulatory constituents such as IL-2, IL-12, granzyme B, and IFN-γ, whereas lowered the levels of TGF-β. | [57] |
| Lactobacillus brevis | Anaerobically grown for 72 h in MRS broth at 37 °C subsequently adding 200 mg/L of SeO2 | 50–250 | - | Animal model (Mice) | 200 mg/day (inject) | Increased IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. Lower tumor volume and prolonged survival | [58] |
| Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 | Anaerobically grown in MRS medium under the stress of 1.2 mM Na2SeO3 at 37 °C for 24 h | 50–80 | - | Animal model (Mice) | - | Inhibited the rise of ALT, AST, DAO and D-lactic acid amounts and improved T-SOD, TrxR and GPx activities. Improved the goblet cells number, decreased ROS, continued function of mitochondria. Enhanced the expression of claudin-1and occludin. Stimulated Nrf2 and enhanced NADPH dehydrogenase and heme oxygenase levels | [59] |
| Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 | Grown for 96 h in MRS broth without agitation at 37 °C under the stress of 20 mg/mL Se (NaHSeO3) | 170–550 | CT26, HT29 | Animal model (male BALB/c mice) | 6.5 mg/Kg | Exerted antiproliferative activity in CT26 murine colon cancer. Induced apoptosis and elevated reactive oxygen species levels in colon (HT29 cells) cancer cells | [118] |
| Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 | -do- | 170–550 | CT26, HT29, Caco-2 | - | 15 µg/mL | Inhibited the Caco-2 growth and induced activation of caspases 3/7/9. Induced apoptotic mechanisms in CT26 and HT29. Biomarkers, involving in ICD were detected | [119] |
| Acinetobacter sp. SW30 | Grown aerobically in LB broth for 24 h at 30 °C and 180 rpm for 24 h under the stress of 1 mM Na2SeO3 | 79 | 4T1, MCF-7/NIH/3T3, HEK293 | MTT | 5–100 µg/mL | Selectively cytotoxic for 4T1, MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) but not for NIH/3T3, HEK293 (noncancerous cells) | [120] |
| Bacillus licheniformis | Aerobically grown in TSB under 1.8 mM Na2SeO3 stress. For 15 h at 200 rpm and 37 °C | 40–180 | LNCaP-FGC/- | XTT | 2 µg Se/mL | Induced prostate cancer cell death via a TNF/IRF1-mediated necroptosis pathway and AR down-regulation | [121] |
| Bacilluslicheniformis JS2 | Aerobically grown in TSB medium at 37 °C for 15 h under 1.8 mM Na2SeO3 stress, at 200 rpm | 40–180 | PC3/hPBMC | XTT | 1–6 ug/mL | Inhibited propagation and prompting necrosis of human PC3 without producing somewhat major toxicity to noncancerous hPBMCs | [122] |
|
Bacillus oryziterrae sp. |
Cultivated anaerobically at 30 °C with selenite (1.0 mmol) in the dark. | 100–500 | H157/- | MTT | 0.3 μg/μL | Dose-dependent inhibition of the lung cancer cells. Only <40% of cells survived exposed to 0.3 μg/μL wet of weight SeNPs | [123] |
| Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 | Grown in MRS containing 200 mg/mL of Na2SeO3 at 37 °C for 24 h without Shaking |
50–80 | HepG2/IPEC-J2, THP-1, NCM460 | CCK-8 kit | - | Encouraged the growth and proliferation of IPEC-J2, NCM460, and THP-1. Repressed the growth of human HepG2, and improved diquat-induced oxidative upset in IPEC-J2 | [124] |
| Lactobacillus casei 393 | Anaerobically grown in MRS medium under the stress of 1.2 mM Na2SeO3 at 37 °C for 24 | 50–80 | HepG2/NCM460 | CCK-8 kit | 0–100 µg/mL | Prompted HepG2 apoptosis. Alleviated diquat or H2O2 triggered oxidative destruction in NCM460 and condensed MDA concentration and improved GPx activity | [125] |
| Bacillus paralicheniformis SR14 | Grown at 250 rpm and 37 °C for 72 h in medium including glucose, 2.0%; tryptone, 1.0%; yeast extract, 1.0%, K2HPO4, 0.1%; NaCl, 0.5%, MgSO4, 1.5% including 5 mM Na2SeO3 | 294 | /IPEC-J2 cells | MTT, ABTS, DPPH | - | Shown greater superoxide, DPPH, and ABTS free radicals scavenging activity, but not for OH radicals. Significant cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress | [126] |
| Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 | Grown in M17 broth comprising 0.5% glucose at 30 °C without any shaking under the stress of 0.6 mM of Na2SeO3 for 48 h | 38–152 | IPEC-J2/- | Antioxidant (In vivo) | 0–64 µg/mL | Rise of MDA, the decrease in GPx and SOD activity. Prohibited the reduction of transepithelial electrical resistance. Revive FITC-dextran fluxes. Lessened ROS, reduction in membrane potential of mitochondria and ATP level and conserved intestinal epithelial permeability | [127] |
NA: not available.