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. 2022 Oct 6;11(10):1367. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11101367

Table 2.

Common risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) and antibiotic-associated acute kidney injury (AA-AKI).

Risk Factors Associated with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Antibiotic-Associated Acute Kidney Injury (AA-AKI)
Hypovolemia

  • Dehydration

  • Excessive diarrhea or urination (fluid losses)

 Underlying Renal Disease

  • Elevated baseline SCr

  • Oliguria
Diuresis

  • Medically induced (furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide)

  • Non-medically induced

 Critically Ill

  • Lack of hemodynamic stability

  • Hypotension

  • Lack of renal perfusion
Exacerbation of comorbid conditions

  • Congestive Heart Failure

  • Chronic Kidney Disease

  • Diabetes mellitus

 Concomitant Medications and Administration

  • Lack of dose adjusting for renal dysfunction

  • Drug–Drug interactions

  • Multiple nephrotoxic agents

  • Increased treatment durations with empiric therapies
Concomitant use of nephrotoxic agents

  • Contrast dyes

  • ACE-I (lisinopril, enalapril)

  • Angiotensin Receptor-2 Blocker (ARB) (valsartan, losartan)

  • NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin)

  • Antibiotics (aminoglycosides, vancomycin)

 Patient-specific Factors

  • Older age (>65 years)

  • Increased weight (>91 kg)

  • Recent surgery

Abbreviations: SCr = serum creatinine; ACE-I = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.