Figure 4.

Signaling pathways possibly activated and inhibited by NOX2. Oncogene activation includes receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (SRC), and serine-threonine kinase (RAS). ROS inhibit tumor suppressors such as dual lipid tyrosine phosphatase (PTEN), tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), and the p53 gene. All of these can affect different pathways to a greater or lesser extent, such as cell growth, decreased apoptosis, activation of angiogenesis, and invasion and metastasis. Other abbreviations: phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Modified from [135].