Table 1.
Epidemiological characteristics for patients with or without gastrointestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) in the age- and sex-matched controls a.
| Characteristics | Patients with GIC of CRAB (n = 534) b | Patients without GIC of CRAB (n = 1068) c |
Bivariate Analysis d | Multivariable Analysis d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-Value | |||
| Patient referred from RCHE | 373 (69.9%) | 184 (17.2%) | 11.1 (8.7–14.2) | <0.001 | 16.0 (11.6–22.0) | <0.001 |
| Presence of indwelling device e | 248 (46.4%) | 231 (21.6%) | 3.1 (2.5–3.9) | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.007 |
| Charlson comorbidity index (mean ± SD) | 4.3 ± 2.1 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.876 | NA f | NA f |
| Use of antibiotics in preceding 6 months g | ||||||
| Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors | 183 (34.3%) | 86 (8.0%) | 6.0 (4.5–7.9) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.6–3.5) | <0.001 |
| Cephalosporins | 38 (7.1%) | 27 (2.5%) | 3.0 (1.8–4.9) | <0.001 | NA f | NA f |
| Carbapenems | 106 (19.9%) | 29 (2.7%) | 8.9 (5.8–13.6) | <0.001 | 4.2 (2.5–7.3) | <0.001 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 69 (12.9%) | 56 (5.2%) | 2.7 (1.9–3.9) | <0.001 | NA f | NA f |
| Use of PPI in preceding 6 months h | 296 (55.4%) | 247 (23.1%) | 4.1 (3.3–5.2) | 0.001 | 1.7 (1.3–2.4) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization in the past 6 months | 456 (85.4%) | 515 (48.2%) | 6.3 (4.8–8.2) | <0.001 | 3.5 (2.4–4.9) | <0.001 |
CI, confident interval; GIC, gastrointestinal colonization; NA, not applicable; PPI, proton pump inhibitors; RCHE, residential care home for the elderly; SD, standard deviation. a Patients with co-colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and C. difficile were excluded for case-control analysis. b Case patients had isolation of CRAB in fecal specimen and had no isolation of CRAB in the other clinical or screening specimens during hospitalization. c Age- and sex-matched patients staying in the same clinical specialty within the same quarter of a CRAB case and with negative result of CRAB in fecal and clinical or screening specimens were chosen as controls in a ratio of 1:2. d An odds ratio significantly greater than 1 implied higher risk of having gastrointestinal colonization of CRAB. In the multivariable model, risk factors were selected by stepwise variable selection, and age and sex were entered. e Indwelling devices included nasogastric tube, tracheostomy or endotracheal tube, urinary catheter, and drain. f Variables were not selected by the stepwise procedure. g Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors included cefoperazone/sulbactam, ticarcillin/clavulanate, and piperacillin/tazobactam; cephalosporins included cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, and ceftaroline; carbapenems included meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin, and ertapenem; fluoroquinolones included ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. h Proton pump inhibitors included dexlansoprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole.