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. 2022 Sep 20;10(10):2337. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102337

Table 2.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of grape pomace polyphenols extracts.

Materials Polyphenols Extracts Models Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity References
Grape pomace from different red Vitis vinifera species
GP from Vitis vinifera L. Cagnulari cv. from Santa Maria La Palma, Alghero, Italy Water/ethanol (60:40, v/v) extract containing:
  • -

    anthocyanins (malvidin, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-(6-acetyl)-glucoside, M-3-G)

 H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
  • -

    increased cells viability

  • -

    reduced ROS levels

 [39]
GP from Vitis vinifera L. Batiki Tyrnavou cv. from Greece Ethanol extract containing:
  • -

    flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate)

  • -

    anthocyanidins (malvidin, cyanidin, petunidin, delphinidin)

  • -

    anthocyanins (peonidin-3-O-glucoside, myrtillin, oenin, kuromanin)

  • -

    phenolic acids (caftaric acid, gallic acid)

  • -

    flavanols (quercetin, kaempferol)

 Tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage in muscle cells (C2C12)
  • -

    reduced TBARS, ROS and protein carbonyls levels

  • -

    increased GSH levels

 [40]
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage in endothelial cells (EA.hy926)
  • -

    reduced TBARS and protein carbonyls levels

  • -

    increased GSH levels
GP from Vitis vinifera seeds - UV radiation-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes cells (HaCaT cells)
  • -

    decreased ROS levels

  • -

    decreased apoptosis proteins levels

  • -

    decreased Bax-α pro-apoptotic protein levels

  • -

    decreased NF-kB p65 protein levels

 [41]
GP from Vitis vinifera from Valea Calugareasca Acetone extract containing:
  • -

    flavonoids (catechins, procyanidins, epicatechins)


* higher concentration for procyanidin dimer and epicatechin		 Intestinal inflammation model: LPS-inflammation induced in Caco-2 intestinal cells

Symbiotic combination with Lactobacillus sp. as probiotic
  • -

    down-regulation of chemokines and cytokines proteins and genes expression

  • -

    up-regulation of TIMP1 and TIMP2 genes expression

  • -

    down-regulation of JNK1, ERK1/2, Akt/P70S6K/mTOR, MAPK, NF-κB and Nrf2 expression

 [42]
GP from Vitis vinifera variety Montepulciano from Chieti, Italy Water extract containing:
  • -

    gallic acid, caftaric acid, caffeic aicd, syringic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid

 H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HypoE22 rat hypothalamus cells
  • -

    averted the down-regulation of BDNF gene expression

  • -

    averted up-regulation of COX-2 gene expression and decreased PGE2 levels

 [43]
GP from Vitis vinifera L. varieties from Emilia Romagna region, Italy Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) extract containing:
  • -

    anthocyanins (malvidin)

 Menadione-induced oxidative damage in keratinocyte cells from human skin
(HaCaT cells)
  • -

    improved cells viability

  • -

    reduced IL-8 levels

 [44]
GP from Vitis vinifera L., cv Negramaro from Azienda Agricola Cantele, Guagnano, Lecce, Italy Methanol/ethanol (80:20, v/v) extract containing:
  • -

    caffeic acid, caftraic acid, cutaric acid, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, kampferol, oenin, quercetin, rutin, t-resveratrol

 LPS and TNF-α-induced inflammation in human colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1 cells)
  • -

    decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 levels

  • -

    down-regulation of MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression

  • -

    down-regulation of the mRNA levels of the cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), the chemokines (CXCL-10 and M-CSF), COX-2 VCAM-1, ICAM-1

  • -

    down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathways

  • -

    reduced ROS levels

 [45]
GP from Vitis vinifera cv Pinot noir from Cautín valley, La Araucanía Region, Chile Ethanol extract containing:
  • -

    hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid)

  • -

    flavanol (catechin)

  • -

    hydroxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid)

  • -

    flavanols (quercetin, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside)

  • -

    anthocyanins (malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, delphinin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside)

 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-induced cytotoxicity in endothelial cells
  • -

    increased cells viability

  • -

    down-regulation of Nrf2 expression

 [46]
Grape pomace from different white Vitis vinifera species
GP from Vitis vinifera cv Chardonnay from Lowden, WA, USA - H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells)
  • -

    decreased ROS levels

 [47]
Red grape pomace versus White grape pomace
GP from Vitis vinifera varieties from Quinta da Cavadinha, Pinhão, Portugal
Red: Tinto Cão, Tinta Barroca
White: Malvasia Fina, Moscatel Branco		 Methanol/distilled water (70:30, v/v) extract containing:
  • -

    flavanols (isorhamnetin-3- O-(6-O-feruloyl)-glucoside, quercetin-3-O- glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-gluco- side)

  • -

    cinnamic acid (caftaric acid)

  • -

    anthocyanins (malvidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-(6-O-caffeoyl)-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-rutinoside)

  • -

    stilbene (Σ-viniferin)

 H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells)
  • -

    increased GSH levels, where WGP from Malvasia Fina had the highest capacity to increase it

  • -

    decreased ROS levels, where RGP from Tinto Cão had the highest capacity to decrease it

  • -

    decreased LPO levels, where WGP from Malvasia Fina had the highest capacity to decrease it

 [48]

Abbreviations: TIMP1/2—matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors 1/2; MAPK—Mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK1—c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK1/2—Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; Akt—protein kinase B; P70S6K—ribosomal protein S6 kinase; mTOR—mammalian target of rapamycin; Nrf2—nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; ROS– Reactive oxygen species; TBARS- Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; GSH –Glutathione; BDNF—brain-derived neurotrophic factor; PGE2—Prostaglandin E2; LPO—Lipid peroxidation; NF-kB –nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; LPS—lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor; IL-6—Interleukin-6; MCP-1—monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMP—matrix metalloproteinases; IL-1β—Interleukin-1-beta; CXCL-10—C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; M-CSF—macrophage colony-stimulating factor; COX-2– cyclooxygenase-2; VCAM-1– Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1; ICAM-1– Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1; H2O2—hydrogen peroxide.