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. 2022 Sep 20;10(10):2337. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102337

Table 3.

In vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of grape pomace polyphenols extracts.

Materials Polyphenols Extracts Models Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity References
Grape pomace from different red Vitis vinifera cultivars
Vitis vinifera sp. Cabernet Franc from Blackstone, VA, USA Ethanol extract Streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in 6-week-old C57BL/6J male mice
  • -

    suppressed the rising of postprandial blood glucose

 [36]
Vitis vinifera from Uva’Só, Garibaldi, Rio Grande
do Sul state, Brazil		 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced hepatic lesion in juvenile grass carps
  • -

    reduced NOx and ROS production

  • -

    reduced TBARS levels

  • -

    reduced the increase of SOD and CAT activity through their antioxidant activity

  • -

    no significant increase in GPx and GST activities

 [58]
Vitis vinifera from Valea Calugareasca, Romania Methanol/Acetone extracts Organs (liver, spleen, kidney) sampled from 20 crossbred TOPIG hybrid (Landrace & Large White with Duroc & Pietrain) pigs
  • -

    increased SOD activity and total antioxidant status in all of these organs

  • -

    significantly increased CAT activity in kidney and spleen

  • -

    no significant difference in GPx activity

  • -

    significantly reduced TBARS levels in liver and kidney

 [59]
Vitis vinifera L. var. Moschato from Tyrnavos (Larissa, Greece) Water extract 36 Chios breed male sheep
  • -

    increased GST activity in the spleen and liver

  • -

    increased γ-GCS expression in liver

  • -

    no significant difference in SOD activity in both liver and spleen

 [60]
Vitis labruscana L. from Korea Methanol and ethanol extract Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in 48 New Zealand white male rabbits
  • -

    increased CAT and GPx activity

  • -

    significantly reduced TBARS levels

 [63]
Vitis vinifera from Valea Călugaărească, România Water extract containing:
  • -

    procyanidin trimer, procyanidin dimer, gallic acid, gallic acid-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-(6″-coumaroyl-glucoside)

 Duodenum and
Colon sampled from 20 crossbred TOPIG hybrid (Landrace & Large White with Duroc & Pietrain) pigs
  • -

    significantly reduced TBARS levels

  • -

    increased total antioxidant status

  • -

    increased SOD activity only in the duodenum

  • -

    increased GPx and CAT activity

 [64]
Vitis vinifera from the Rhône valley, France Ethanol extract containing:
  • -

    anthocyanins (malvidin-3-glucoside)

 Dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammatory bowel disease in 5-week-old Wistar male mice
  • -

    increased SOD activity

  • -

    decreased PMN infiltration

 [65]
Vitis vinifera from Kobe City, Japan 1% acetic acid in methanol extract Galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley male
  • -

    suppress the expressions of COX-2 and iNOS proteins by inhibiting NF-κB activation

 [69]
Vitis vinifera from Virginia vineyard (Blackstone, VA, USA) Ethanol 1:10 ratio (m/v) extract containing:
  • -

    catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, trans-resveratrol, caffeic acid, coutaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid

 Obese 6 -week-old C57BLK/6J male mice
  • -

    no significant antioxidant activity

  • -

    anti-inflammatory activity: reduced CRP levels

 [70]
Red grape pomace versus White grape pomace
Vitis vinifera from Kobe City, Japan 1% acetic acid in methanol extract Galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley male
  • -

    red grape pomace possessed a higher inhibiting action of NF-κB activation than white grape pomace

 [69]
Vitis vinifera from Pietroasa, Buzău county, România PUFA enriched
* WGP from Tămâioasă Românească variety
* RGP from Merlot variety		 3% and 6% dried GP diet Breast and thigh meat sampled from broilers fed with 3% and 6% grape pomace
  • -

    both 3% and 6% diets significantly reduced TBARS levels in tight meat;

  • -

    just the 3% white GP and the 6% red GP diets significantly reduced TBARS levels in breast meat

 [71]

Abbreviations: CRP—C-reactive protein; NOx—Nitrate oxide; ROS—Reactive oxygen species; TBARS—Thiobarbituric reactive substances; SOD—Superoxide dismutase; CAT—Catalase; GPx—Glutathione Peroxidase; GST—Glutathione transferase; PMN—Polymorphonuclear; γ -GCS—γ-synthase glutamyl cysteine; COX-2—cyclooxygenases-2; iNOS—Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-kB—nuclear factor - kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PUFA—polyunsaturated fatty acids.