Table 4.
Complete composition of the peel and pulp essential oils hydrodistilled from all of the analysed Citrus australasica varieties (Collette, Pink Ice, Red, and Yellow Sunshine), and for the Faustrime hybrid.
| Compounds | l.r.i. a | Relative Abundance (%) ± SD | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collette | Pink Ice | Red | Yellow Sunshine | Faustrime | |||||||
| Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | ||
| α-Thujene | 931 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - |
| α-Pinene | 941 | 0.7 ± 0.02 | - | 0.4 ± 0.05 | - | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.24 | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.08 | 1.0 ± 0.08 |
| Sabinene | 976 | 1.7 ± 0.04 | - | 1.7 ± 0.13 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.02 |
| β-Pinene | 982 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.02 |
| Myrcene | 993 | 1.0 ± 0.03 | - | 0.7 ± 0.04 | - | 1.0 ± 0.03 | - | 0.3 ± 0.08 | - | 1.0 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ± 0.03 |
| Octanal | 1001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.03 | - |
| α-Phellandrene | 1005 | 4.1 ± 0.57 | - | 3.1 ± 0.18 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | 5.2 ± 0.30 | 7.2 ± 0.41 |
| δ-3-Carene | 1011 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | 0.5 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| α-Terpinene | 1018 | 1.3 ± 0.16 | - | 3.7 ± 0.21 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 ± 0.04 | 2.1 ± 0.09 |
| p-Cymene | 1027 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 ± 0.05 | 0.4 ± 0.04 |
| Limonene | 1032 | 42.4 ± 5.64 | 1.4 ± 0.48 | 26.5 ± 1.75 | 1.0 ± 0.54 | 73.6 ± 4.41 | - | 40.0 ± 2.47 | 0.4 ± 0.11 | 31.5 ± 1.86 | 48.3 ± 3.71 |
| 1,8-Cineole | 1034 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| (Z)-β-Ocimene | 1042 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | - | 0.3 ± 0.01 | - | 1.2 ± 0.01 | - | 0.5 ± 0.05 | - | 0.7 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.01 |
| (E)-β-Ocimene | 1052 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | 0.5 ± 0.00 | - | 0.4 ± 0.11 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.00 |
| γ-Terpinene | 1062 | 14.2 ± 1.96 | - | 7.3 ± 0.25 | - | 0.3 ± 0.01 | - | 0.4 ± 0.11 | - | 11.6 ± 0.5 | 10.8 ± 0.47 |
| Terpinolene | 1088 | 1.6 ± 0.24 | - | 2.0 ± 0.01 | - | 0.4 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | 1.2 ± 0.02 | 0.9 ± 0.01 |
| Linalool | 1101 | 0.9 ± 0.17 | 1.1 ± 0.11 | 0.3 ± 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 2.6 ± 0.04 | 0.7 ± 0.01 |
| Nonanal | 1104 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - |
| cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol | 1124 | 0.6 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.11 | 1.7 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.00 | 0.3 ± 0.00 |
| trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol | 1140 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.45 | 1.3 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| β-Terpineol | 1153 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.6 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| Menthone | 1154 | 5.1 ± 0.14 | 1.0 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.01 |
| Citronellal | 1155 | 0.7 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | 1.7 ± 0.06 | - | 1.1 ± 0.12 | - | 9.4 ± 0.05 | - |
| isoBorneol | 1156 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.03 | - |
| isoMenthone | 1164 | - | - | 2.6 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.4 ± 0.03 | - |
| 4-Terpineol | 1178 | 8.4 ± 0.23 | 12.0 ± 1.07 | 38.3 ± 0.81 | 19.3 ± 4.14 | - | - | - | - | 2.1 ± 0.06 | 0.4 ± 0.02 |
| isoMenthol | 1179 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptone | 1187 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 | - |
| α-Terpineol | 1189 | 1.2 ± 0.06 | 2.5 ± 0.31 | 1.9 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 3.1 ± 0.11 | 0.7 ± 0.06 |
| cis-Piperitol | 1195 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | - | 0.6 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.02 | - |
| Decanal | 1204 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 0.7 ± 0.06 |
| trans-Piperitol | 1207 | 0.4 ± 0.05 | 0.5 ± 0.20 | 1.0 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| Citronellol | 1230 | 1.1 ± 0.12 | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 | - | 0.4 ± 0.13 | - | - | - | 1.7 ± 0.11 | - |
| Neral | 1240 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 ± 0.07 | - |
| Piperitone | 1252 | 2.5 ± 0.15 | 2.7 ± 0.25 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.9 ± 0.48 | 1.7 ± 0.16 |
| (E)-2-Decenal | 1260 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - |
| Phellandral | 1272 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | - |
| trans-Citral | 1273 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.6 ± 0.13 | - |
| n-Tridecane | 1300 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.04 |
| Undecanal | 1306 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| δ-Elemene | 1340 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.50 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 1.8 ± 0.84 | 2.0 ± 0.00 | 0.6 ± 0.02 | - | - |
| Citronellyl acetate | 1354 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| Eugenol | 1358 | - | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.14 | - | - |
| β-Elemene | 1392 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.00 | - | - | - |
| 1-Tetradecene | 1392 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 |
| n-Tetradecane | 1400 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.09 |
| Dodecanal | 1408 | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.11 |
| cis-α-Bergamotene | 1416 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| β-Caryophyllene | 1420 | 0.7 ± 0.11 | 21.3 ± 1.05 | 0.4 ± 0.09 | 14.1 ± 1.00 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 6.9 ± 1.20 | - | 0.6 ± 0.22 | 0.8 ± 0.16 | 2.3 ± 0.39 |
| trans-α-Bergamotene | 1438 | - | 1.2 ± 0.37 | - | 2.3 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 1.9 ± 0.56 | - | 0.9 ± 0.25 | 1.5 ± 0.31 | 2.9 ± 0.48 |
| α-Humulene | 1456 | - | 8.4 ± 0.13 | 0.6 ± 0.14 | 12.7 ± 0.52 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 4.0 ± 0.37 | - | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ± 0.21 | 4.6 ± 0.69 |
| (E)-β-Farnesene | 1460 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.23 | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 |
| β-Santalene | 1463 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| γ-Gurjunene | 1474 | 0.5 ± 0.72 | 0.9 ± 0.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| γ-Muurolene | 1477 | - | 0.7 ± 0.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Germacrene D | 1478 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 2.7 ± 0.04 | 2.6 ± 0.05 | 1.0 ± 0.08 | - | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| β-Chamigrene | 1485 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.03 |
| δ-Selinene | 1490 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 1.0 ± 0.11 | - | 1.2 ± 0.11 | - | - |
| Bicyclogermacrene | 1496 | 4.9 ± 0.62 | 10.9 ± 0.33 | 1.9 ± 0.40 | 9.8 ± 0.74 | 6.9 ± 1.10 | 28 ± 1.61 | 39.8 ± 2.24 | 20.3 ± 0.07 | 0.8 ± 0.20 | 1.0 ± 0.20 |
| n-Pentadecane | 1500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.25 |
| (Z)-α-Bisabolene | 1504 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.09 |
| α-Bulnesene | 1505 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | - | - |
| Germacrene A | 1506 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - |
| α-Chamigrene | 1508 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.4 ± 0.36 | 2.5 ± 0.14 | - | - | - |
| β-Bisabolene | 1509 | 0.8 ± 0.12 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.18 | 9.2 ± 0.35 | 2.0 ± 0.42 | 24.6 ± 0.14 | - | - | 2.6 ± 0.57 | 5.6 ± 1.05 |
| trans-γ-Cadinene | 1513 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.06 | - | - |
| (Z)-γ-Bisabolene | 1515 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.03 |
| Selina-3,7(11)-diene | 1542 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.07 |
| Germacrene B | 1554 | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.15 | 5.2 ± 0.01 | 0.9 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.25 | - | 0.5 ± 0.11 |
| Palustrol | 1568 | - | 1.3 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | 0.6 ± 0.12 | 1.7 ± 0.79 | - | 6.0 ± 0.00 | - | - |
| Spathulenol | 1576 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.04 | - | 1.1 ± 0.15 | - | - | - |
| Caryophyllene oxide | 1581 | - | - | - | 15.6 ± 1.29 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Globulol | 1583 | 0.6 ± 0.12 | 9.5 ± 0.13 | 0.5 ± 0.13 | - | 1.8 ± 0.37 | 3.8 ± 0.99 | 2.9 ± 0.23 | 14.5± 0.15 | - | 0.1 ± 0.08 |
| Viridiflorol | 1590 | 0.7 ± 0.12 | 7.9 ± 0.30 | 0.4 ± 0.13 | 5.8 ± 1.58 | 1.7 ± 0.34 | 10.9 ± 0.21 | 1.2 ± 0.21 | 19.9 ± 0.01 | - | - |
| Guaiol | 1595 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 1.1 ± 0.35 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | - | 0.5 ± 0.11 | 3.2 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 11.9 ± 0.71 | - | - |
| Cedrol | 1596 | 0.3 ± 0.12 | 1.4 ± 0.42 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | - | 0.8 ± 0.17 | 1.0 ± 1.45 | 0.8 ± 0.07 | 8.5 ± 0.08 | - | - |
| n-Hexadecane | 1600 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 ± 0.22 |
| 5-epi-7-epi-α-Eudesmol | 1603 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.2 ± 0.06 | - | - |
| Humulene epoxide II | 1608 | - | 2.0 ± 0.20 | - | 4.1 ± 0.83 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Selin-6-en-4-ol | 1618 | - | 1.2 ± 0.25 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.66 | - | 2.2 ± 0.08 | - | - |
| Caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5-ol | 1637 | - | - | - | 1.9 ± 0.36 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| isoSpathulenol | 1639 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - |
| epi-α-Cadinol | 1641 | - | - | - | 3.2 ± 1.03 | 0.2 ± 0.10 | - | 0.4 ± 0.05 | 2.6 ± 0.49 | - | - |
| Cubenol | 1643 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.07 | - | 0.5 ± 0.04 | - | - | - |
| α-Cadinol | 1654 | - | 0.8 ± 0.35 | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.08 | - | 0.4 ± 0.10 | 1.9 ± 0.09 | - | - |
| β-Bisabolol | 1672 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.25 | - |
| Tetradecanol | 1676 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.08 |
| α-Bisabolol | 1683 | - | 1.4 ± 0.08 | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | 0.5 ± 0.18 | 0.4 ± 0.18 |
| n-Heptadecane | 1700 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 ± 0.08 |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 68.2 ± 4.11 | 1.4 ± 0.48 | 46.1 ± 2.68 | 1.0 ± 0.54 | 77.7 ± 4.37 | 0.2 ± 0.24 | 41.6 ± 2.83 | 0.4 ± 0.11 | 55.5 ± 3.05 | 72.8 ± 4.91 | |
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | 21.7 ± 1.05 | 22.2 ± 1.05 | 48.0 ± 1.34 | 19.3 ± 4.14 | 2.1 ± 0.18 | - | 1.1 ± 0.12 | 0.5 ± 0.08 | 35.5 ± 1.18 | 4.7 ± 0.27 | |
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 7.3 ± 1.65 | 48.5 ± 0.41 | 3.6 ± 0.81 | 48.1 ± 0.45 | 10.9 ± 2.04 | 78.8 ± 3.97 | 49.2 ± 2.38 | 25.7 ± 0.03 | 6.7 ± 1.45 | 18.2 ± 3.22 | |
| Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 1.8 ± 0.39 | 26.6 ± 0.10 | 1.6 ± 0.41 | 30.5 ± 5.09 | 6.5 ± 1.60 | 21.1 ± 3.74 | 7.6 ± 0.60 | 69.8 ± 1.05 | 0.6 ± 0.43 | 0.5 ± 0.25 | |
| Phenylpropanoids | - | - | - | 1.1 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.14 | - | - | |
| Non-terpene derivatives | - | - | 0.3 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.7 ± 0.00 | 3.7 ± 1.03 | |
| Total identified (%) | 99.0 ± 1.02 | 98.6 ± 1.02 | 99.6 ± 0.01 | 100 ± 0.01 | 97.2 ± 0.54 | 100 ± 0.01 | 99.5 ± 0.04 | 96.8 ± 0.74 | 100 ± 0.01 | 99.9 ± 0.13 | |
a Linear retention index calculated on a HP-5MS capillary column; - : Not detected.