Table 2.

Effects of applied factors on C₃₀ carotenoid production.

Controlled Factor	Action	Effect	Ref.
Oxidative stress	Diphenylamine and duroquinone application	Complete inhibition of C30 carotenoids	[80]
Oxidative stress	Diphenylamine application	Complete inhibition of C30 carotenoids	[16]
Oxidative stress	Hydrogen peroxide exposure	5.9-fold increase in carotenoid production	[29]
Temperature	Low temperature	Increased 4,4′-diaponeurosporene antioxidant activity– DPPH: 1.7-fold vs BHT; ABTS: 7.5-fold vs BHT; FRAP: 8-fold vs BHT	[31]
Recombinant technique	Constitutive lac promoter	Increased 4,4′-diapolycopene production	[81]
Recombinant technique	Optimizing engineered pathways in heterologous host	Increased 4,4′-diapolycopene and 4,4′-diaponeurosporene production	[82]
Recombinant technique	Gene coexpression	20-fold increase in 4,4′-diapolycopene dialdehyde production	[37]
Recombinant technique	Farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) synthase overexpression	3- to 5-fold increase in diapotorulene-to-diaponeurosporene ratio	[58]