Table 2.
Effects on body functions of food made with wine by-products or their extracts achieved in pre-clinical and clinical trials.
| By-Product | By-Product Health Benefits | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Grape pomace | Microbial gut homeostasis improvement (non-beneficial bacteria inhibition and stimulation of probiotic bacteria growth) | In vivo: [89,90,91,92,93,94] |
| Anti-inflammatory | In vitro: [96] In vivo: [91,97,101,102,103,104] |
|
| Cardioprotective | In vivo: [98,99,100,101] | |
| Skins | Antioxidant | In vitro: [107,109] |
| Anti-inflammatory | In vitro: [107,109] | |
| Seeds | Microbial gut homeostasis improvement (non-beneficial bacteria inhibition and stimulation of probiotic bacteria growth) | In vivo: [110] |
| Antioxidant | In vivo: [111,114,121,125,126,128,129,130] In vitro: [127] |
|
| Anti-inflammatory | In vivo: [111,112,113,124,125,126,128,129,130] Clinical trial: [117,122,123] |
|
| Anti-cancer | In vivo: [111,112] In vitro: [116] |
|
| Leaves | Neuroprotective | In vivo: [132] |
| Antioxidant | In vivo: [132] | |
| Stems | Brain dysfunctions | In vivo: [134,136] |
| Anti-inflammatory | In vivo: [136] | |
| Antioxidant | In vitro: [137] | |
| Anti-cancer | In vitro: [137] | |
| Grapevine shoots | Anti-cancer | In vivo: [138] In vitro: [134] |