Table 3.

Other clinical indications for HFNC in pediatric patients.

Disease	Reference	Study Design	Study Population	Comparison	Main Results
Congenital heart diseases	Shioji et al. [26]	Retrospective study	35 children with congenital heart disease surgically corrected and acute respiratory failure	HFNC and NIV	Lower intubation rate in the HFNC group Shorter PICU stay in the HFNC group
OSAS	McGinley et al. [27]	Retrospective study	12 children with a mean age of 10 years with mild-to-severe OSAS	HFNC vs. CPAP	Similar reductions in AHI in both groups
	Ignatiuk et al. [28]	Retrospective study	22 children with poor surgical candidacy or residual OSAS after surgery	HFNC vs. no intervention	Significant reduction in AHI with HFNC
	Hawkins et al. [29]	Observational study	10 school-aged patients with OSAS treated with HFNC	HFNC vs. no intervention	Lower median obstructive AHI Decreased oxygen desaturation index Reduced heart rate
Pneumonia	Liu et al. [33]	RCT	84 children < 2 years with pneumonia and mild to moderate respiratory failure	HFNC and CPAP	Similar intubation rate and PICU transfer No significant difference between the two groups in the length of hospital stay Lower adverse events rate (such as abdominal distension, trauma of the nasal mucosa) in the HFNC group

AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; COT, conventional oxygen therapy; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea.