Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable regression analysis to explore factors associated with the overall prevalence of prescribing antibiotics for treating COVID-19 patients.
| Background Characteristics | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) |
p-Value | Adjusted PR (95% CI) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in Year | |||||
| ≤24 | 1.74 (1.24–2.45) | 0.001 | - | ||
| 25–29 | 1.62 (1.14–2.30) | 0.007 | - | ||
| 30–34 | 1.43 (0.99–2.67) | 0.058 | - | ||
| ≥35 | Reference | ||||
| Type of Working Ward | |||||
| ICU | 0.88 (0.70–1.13) | 0.324 | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 0.309 | |
| Outpatient | 1.31 (1.08–1.60) | 0.007 | 1.26 (1.06–1.51) | 0.01 | |
| Inpatient | Reference | Reference | |||
| Determinant for Antibiotic Use | |||||
| 1. Patients’ Underlying Medical Conditions | |||||
| Patients with respiratory illnesses should be given antibiotics | Unsure | 0.58 (0.39–0.86) | 0.006 | 0.70 (0.50–0.99) | 0.046 |
| Disagree | 0.56 (0.40–0.77) | 0.001 | 0.75 (0.53–1.05) | 0.095 | |
| Agree | Reference | Reference | |||
| In the case of an elderly patient, antibiotics should be given | Unsure | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.088 | - | |
| Disagree | 0.61 (0.50–0.75) | <0.001 | - | ||
| Agree | Reference | ||||
| Patients who are treated outside of a healthcare facility should be given antibiotics | Agree | 1.44 (1.27–1.64) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.09–1.40) | 0.001 |
| Unsure | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.571 | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.704 | |
| Disagree | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2. Signs/Symptoms | |||||
| Patient with a high fever should be given antibiotics | Agree | 1.42 (1.21–1.67) | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) | 0.122 |
| Unsure | 1.21 (0.97–1.49) | 0.088 | 1.04 (0.85–1.26) | 0.714 | |
| Disagree | Reference | Reference | |||
| Patient with loose motion should be given antibiotics | Agree | 1.31 (1.14–1.49) | <0.001 | - | |
| Unsure | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 0.087 | - | ||
| Disagree | Reference | ||||
| If the patients have a secondary bacterial infection, they should be given antibiotics | Unsure | 0.92 (0.60–1.41) | 0.705 | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 0.662 |
| Disagree | 0.32 (0.20–0.53) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.27–0.56) | <0.001 | |
| Agree | Reference | Reference | |||
| 3. Laboratory Tests | |||||
| Before giving antibiotics, a patient’s blood hemoglobin level should be checked. | Agree | 1.40 (1.24–1.59) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) | 0.005 |
| Unsure | 1.46 (1.15–1.61) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | 0.013 | |
| Disagree | Reference | Reference | |||
| Antibiotics should be given after performing a creatinine test | Agree | 1.47 (1.27–1.69) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.03–1.37) | 0.019 |
| Unsure | 1.34 (1.08–1.66) | 0.007 | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 0.262 | |
| Disagree | Reference | Reference | |||
| Antibiotics should be given after determining bilirubin level | Agree | 1.24 (1.09–1.42) | 0.001 | - | |
| Unsure | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 0.091 | - | ||
| Disagree | Reference | ||||
| Antibiotics should be given after performing an ALT test first | Agree | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | 0.003 | - | |
| Unsure | 1.10 (0.92–1.32) | 0.278 | - | ||
| Disagree | Reference | ||||
| Antibiotics should be given after a CRP test has been performed | Agree | 1.54 (1.04–2.31) | 0.032 | - | |
| Unsure | 1.48 (0.84–2.59) | 0.177 | - | ||
| Disagree | Reference | ||||