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Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ROS production. Mitogen-mediated protein kinases (MAPKs), adenosine monophosphate-mediated protein kinase (AMPK), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).
