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. 2022 Oct 9;11(10):1380. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11101380

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of artemisinin. Yellow region shows the biosynthesis pathways for artemisinic acid production. Green region shows the chemical conversion route of artemisinic acid to artemisinin. tHMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; ADS, amorphadiene synthase; CYP71AV1, amorpha-4; 11-diene monooxygenase; ADH1, artemisinic alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH1, artemisinic aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; Dbr2, artemisinic aldehyde Δ11 (13) reductase; CPR1, cognate reductase of CYP71AV1. Arrows with frames showed the gene elements manipulated by Keasling’s team for artemisinic acid production engineering strain construction.