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. 2022 Oct 9;11(10):1380. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11101380

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biosynthesis pathway of the alkaloid antimicrobial agent berberine. TyrAT, L-tyrosine aminotransferase; 4HPPDC, 4-hydroxyphenylpuruvate decarboxylase; TYDC, tyrosine decarboxylase; 3OHase, tyrosine/tyramine 3-hydroxylase; NCS, (S)-norcoclaurine synthase; 6OMT, SAM: norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase; CNMT, (S)-coclaurine N-methyltransferase; NMCH, N-methylcoclaurine 3′-hydroxylase; 4′OMT, SAM: 3′-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4′-O-methyltransferase; BBE, berberine bridge enzyme; SMT, SAM: scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase; CAS, (S)-canadine synthase; STOX, (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine oxidase.