Table 2.
Proteomic markers with evidence to support their ability to distinguish between PsA and cutaneous-only psoriasis. A gene-centric table of candidates was created by using the biomarkers listed by Mulder et al. [73]. The proteins and mRNAs were converted into gene-centric entries using the Human Protein Atlas portal (www.proteinatlas.org (accessed on 5 July 2022)), and were annotated for secretion location, tissue expression and biological functional based on the recent clustering of single-cell expression data [75].
| Gene Name | Biomarker | UniProt ID | Category | Secretion | Tissue Expression | Biological Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADIPOQ | Adiponectin | Q15848 | Lipid | Blood | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| APOA1 | ApoA | P02467 | Lipid | Blood | Liver | Metabolism |
| APOB | ApoB | P04114 | Lipid | Blood | Liver | Metabolism |
| CMC2 | C16ORF61 | Q9NRP2 | Skin | N/A | Non-specific | Mitochondria |
| COL2A1 | C2C | P02458 | Bone | ECM | Epididymis | Unknown function |
| CCL1 | CCL1 | P22362 | mRNA | Blood | T cells | Adaptive immune response |
| CCL20 | CCL20 | P78556 | mRNA | Blood | Smooth muscle tissue | Mixed function |
| CCL7 | CCL7 | P80098 | mRNA | Blood | Neutrophils | Humoral immune response |
| CD5L | CD5L | O43866 | Serum | Blood | Macrophages | Immune response |
| COMP | COMP | P49747 | Bone | ECM | Skin | Epidermis development |
| C9 | Complement C9 | P02748 | Serum | Blood | Liver | Hemostasis and lipid |
| COL2A1 | CPII | P02458 | Bone | ECM | Epididymis | Unknown function |
| CPN2 | CPN2 | P22792 | Skin | Blood | Liver | Hemostasis |
| CRP | CRP | P02741 | Inflammation | Blood | Liver | Hemostasis |
| COL1A1 | CTX | P02452 | Bone | ECM | Fibroblasts | ECM organization |
| CX3CL1 | CX3CL1 | P78423 | mRNA | Blood | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| CXCL10 | CXCL10 | P02778 | Cytokines | Blood | Immune cells | Immune response |
| CXCL12 | CXCL12 | P48061 | Skin | Blood | Fibroblasts | ECM organization |
| CXCL2 | CXCL2 | P19875 | mRNA | Blood | Liver | Metabolism |
| CXCL5 | CXCL5 | P42830 | mRNA | Blood | Salivary gland | Salivary secretion |
| DKK1 | DKK-1 | O94907 | Bone | Other | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| ESR1 | ESR | P03372 | Inflammation | N/A | Fibroblasts | ECM organization |
| FHL1 | FHL1 | Q13642 | Skin | N/A | Striated muscle | Muscle contraction |
| GSN | Gelsolin | P06396 | Serum | Blood | Fibroblasts | ECM organization |
| GPS1 | GPS1 | Q13098 | Skin | N/A | Non-specific | Mitochondria |
| HAT1 | HAT1 | O14929 | mRNA | N/A | Non-specific | Ribosome |
| IFI16 | IFI16 | Q16666 | Serum | N/A | Immune cells | Immune response |
| IL12A | IL-12/23 p40 | P29459 | Cytokines | Blood | Brain and skin | Unknown function |
| IL12B | IL-12/23 p40 | P29460 | Cytokines | Blood | Non-specific | Cell cycle regulation |
| IL9 | IL-12/23 p40 | P15248 | Cytokines | Blood | N/A | N/A |
| IL17A | IL-17 | Q16552 | Cell culture secretion | Blood | Immune cells | Immune response |
| IL17C | IL-17C | Q9P0M4 | mRNA | Blood | Testis | DNA repair |
| IL17F | IL-17F | Q96PD4 | mRNA | Blood | B cells | Humoral immune response |
| IL2 | IL-2 | P60568 | Cell culture secretion | Blood | N/A | N/A |
| IL23 | IL-23 | Q9NPF7 | Cytokines | Blood | B cells | Humoral immune response |
| IL23R | IL23R | Q5VWK5 | Skin | N/A | Intestine | Brush border |
| IL3 | IL-3 | P08700 | mRNA | Blood | N/A | N/A |
| IL33 | IL-33 | O95760 | Cytokines | Blood | Fibroblasts | ECM organization |
| IL34 | IL-34 | Q6ZMJ4 | Cytokines | Blood | Macrophages | Immune response |
| EBI3 | IL-35 | Q14213 | Cytokines | Blood | Placenta | Pregnancy |
| IL12A | IL-35 | P29459 | Cytokines | Blood | Brain and skin | Unknown function |
| IL36A | IL-36a | Q9UHA7 | Cytokines | Blood | Esophagus | Epithelial cell function |
| IL1F10 | IL-38 | Q8WWZ1 | Cytokines | Blood | Skin | Cornification |
| IL6 | IL-6 | P05231 | Cytokines, mRNA | Blood | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| CXCL8 | IL-8 | P10145 | mRNA | Blood | Neutrophils | Humoral immune response |
| INS | Insulin | P01308 | Lipid | Blood | Pancreas | Digestion |
| ISG20 | ISG20 | Q96AZ6 | mRNA | N/A | Immune cells | Immune response |
| ITGB5 | ITGB5 | P18084 | Serum | N/A | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| ITGB5 | ITGB5 | P18084 | Skin | N/A | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| KRT17 | K17 | Q04695 | Serum | N/A | Skin | Epidermis development |
| LEP | Leptin | P41159 | Lipid | Blood | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| LGALS3BP | M2BP | Q08380 | Serum | Blood | Stomach | Digestion |
| CSF1 | M-CSF | P09603 | Cytokines | Blood | Non-specific | Angiogenesis |
| MMP3 | MMP3 | P08254 | Bone, mRNA | ECM | Salivary gland | Salivary secretion |
| MPO | MPO | P05164 | Serum | Membrane | Neutrophils | Humoral immune response |
| NOTCH2NLA | NOTCH2NL | Q7Z3S9 | mRNA | Blood | Testis | DNA repair |
| TNFRSF11B | OPG | O00300 | Bone | Other | Kidney | Transmembrane transport |
| POSTN | POSTN | Q15063 | Skin | ECM | Skin | Epidermis development |
| PTPA | PPP2R4 | Q15257 | Skin | N/A | Non-specific | Mitochondria |
| PRL | PRL | P01236 | Serum | Blood | Pituitary gland | Hormone signaling |
| TNFSF11 | RANKL | O14788 | Bone | Blood | Immune cells | Immune response |
| SETD2 | SETD2 | Q9BYW2 | mRNA | N/A | Non-specific | Transcription |
| IL2RA | sIL2R | P01589 | Serum | N/A | Immune cells | Immune response |
| IL2RB | sIL2R | P14784 | Serum | N/A | Immune cells | Immune response |
| IL2RG | sIL2R | P31785 | Serum | N/A | T cells | Adaptive immune response |
| SNCA | SNCA | P37840 | Skin | Membrane | Brain and bone marrow | Chromatin organization |
| SRP14 | SRP14 | P37108 | Skin | N/A | Non-specific | Mitochondria |
| SRPX | SRPX | P78539 | Skin | Unknown | Adipose tissue | ECM organization |
| STAT3 | STAT3 | P40763 | mRNA | N/A | Non-specific | Mitochondria and proteasome |
| STAT6 | STAT6 | P42226 | mRNA | N/A | Macrophages | Immune response |
| STIP1 | STIP1 | P31948 | Serum | N/A | Non-specific | Unknown function |
| SYK | SYK | P43405 | mRNA | N/A | Non-specific | Transcription |
| TBX21 | TBX21 | Q9UL17 | mRNA | N/A | Immune cells | Immune response |
| TNF | TNF-alpha | P01375 | Cytokines | Blood | Neutrophils | Inflammatory response |
| VCP | VCP | P55072 | Serum | N/A | Non-specific | Mitochondria |
| FLT4 | VEGFR-3 | P35916 | Serum | Blood | Non-specific | Transcription |
| CHI3L1 | YKL-40 | P36222 | Serum | Blood | Liver | Metabolism |