. 2022 Sep 27;11(10):1912. doi: 10.3390/antiox11101912

Table 2.

Anti-osteoarthritis effects of stigmasterol.

Experimental Approaches	Key Results	References
Experimental rabbit osteoarthritis (OA) model induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)	Reduced cartilage damage progression Inhibited cartilage degradation Down-regulated MMP-1/MMP-3/MMP-13 expression Up-regulated TIMP-1 Regulated the balance between MMPs and TIMPs	[44]
Monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat model of OA	Significantly corrected the OA lesions Enhanced cartilage repair and regeneration Provided a suitable milieu in situ Aided in cartilage regeneration Activated the resident progenitors Enhanced tissue repair and healing	[45]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-induced inflammation in rat chondrocytes	Reduced iNOS/IL-6/MMP-3/MMP-13/ADAMTS-5 expression Increased COL2A1 expression Inhibited IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation	[46]
A model of newborn mouse chondrocytes and human OA	Inhibited pro-inflammatory/matrix degradation mediators Decreased MMP-3/MMP-13/ADAMTS-4/PGE₂ Reduced Type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA levels Counteracted the IL-1β-induced NF-κB pathway	[96]
Interleukin (IL)-1β-induced chondrocytes	Revealed no significant effect on the viability of ATDC5 cells Reduced IL-1β-induced ATDC5 cell damage and ferroptosis Enhanced the inhibitory effect of ferroptosis inhibitors Down-regulated SREBF2	[47]
Molecular docking analysis Network pharmacological approach and methods	Retarded the development of OA Minimized the associated pathological damage Involved in cell apoptosis/PI3K/AKT/IL-17 signaling pathways/viral infection Reduced chondrocyte apoptosis Protected the synovial lining and cartilage Targeted IL-6/EGFR/MAPK8/CCND1/CASP3/ESR1/VEGFA/MYC	[97]
Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay	LC₅₀ = 87.7 µg/mL Showed anti-arthritic activity by mTORC1 signalling pathway Deactivated certain inflammatory mediators Increased cell recovery and joint health Reduced the inflammation caused in cartilages of synovial joint Inhibited the formation of the IL and TNF-α pathways	[98]
Network Pharmacology Approach Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis Enrichment analysis	Exhibited potential pharmacological effect against OA Involved Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-6 signaling pathways	[99]
Molecular docking analysis Bioinformatics analysis	Exerted beneficial effects on cartilage degeneration Targeted NCOA2/PGR/PTGS1/PTGS2/RXRA/NR3C2 Involved PI3K-Akt/TNF signaling pathways	[100]