Table 6.
Examples of clinical studies comparing circulating tumor necrosis factor or interleukin serum concentrations in AAA and control participants.
| Ref | Number of AAA vs. Control Cases | Age of AAA vs. Control Cases (p Value), Years | Male Gender % (AAA vs. Control Cases) | Aortic Diameter in AAA (mm) | Method of Assessment | Cytokine Concentration in AAA Cases | Cytokine Concentration in Control Cases | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α | ||||||||
| [59] | 50 vs. 42 | 58.6 ± 6.6 vs. 58.1 ± 6.3 * | 80 vs. 44.7 | 48 (33–66) mm | Solid phase radioimmunoassay | 2.1 ± 0.7 pmol/L ^ | 1.5 ± 0.3 pmol/L ^ | <0.05 |
| [57] | 20 vs. 20 | 74 ± 6 vs. 72 ± 5 | 100 vs. 100 | <45 mm | ELISA | 41.4 ± 17.3 pg/mL | 13.1 ± 5.2 pg/mL | <0.05 |
| [58] | 130 vs. 219 z | 75 ± 8 vs. 68 (53–80) | 82.6 vs. 90 | >55 mm | ELISA | 3.6 ± 10.2 pg/mL | 1.23 ± 1.93 pg/mL | <0.01 |
| Interleukin-1β | ||||||||
| [59] | 50 vs. 42 | 58.6 ± 6.6 vs. 58.05 ± 6.3 * | 80 vs. 44.7 | 48 (33–66) mm | Solid phase radioimmunoassay | 19.3 pmol/L | 2.1 pmol/L | <0.01 |
| Interleukin-6 | ||||||||
| [59] | 50 vs. 42 | 58.6 ± 6.6 vs. 58.05 ± 6.3 * | 80 vs. 44.7 | 48 (33–66) mm | Solid phase radioimmunoassay | 10.0 ± 5.3 pmol/L ^ | 4.8 ± 3.2 pmol/L ^ | <0.05 |
| [75] | 38 vs. 41 | 70(66–76) vs. 72(67–79) x | 71 vs. 80.5 | 4.0 (3.5–4.3) cm | ELISA | 3.6 ± 0.51 pg/mL x | 3.0 ± 1.03 pg/mL x | NS |
| [65] | 27 vs. 15 | 73 (58–91) vs. 50 (32–74) (p < 0.01) x | 100 vs. 20 | 64 (51–100) mm | ELISA | 4.9 ± 0.4 pg/mL | 2.6 ± 0.5 pg/mL | <0.05 |
| [66] | 89 vs. 98 | 73.5 ± 0.5 vs. 73.5 ± 0.5 | 71.9 vs. 71.4 | 4.5 (3.9 to 5.1) cm | ELISA | 2.9 ± 0.4 pg/mL x | 1.9 ± 0.2 pg/mL x | <0.05 |
| [73] | 74 vs. 30 | 70.7 (56–82) vs. NR | 80 vs. NR | 5 (5–8), vs. NR cm | ELISA | 64.2 ± 15.7 pg/mL | 6.7 ± 5.1 pg/mL | <0.05 |
| [64] | 214 vs. 343 | 74 ± 8 vs. 68 ± 2 (p < 0.01) | 79 vs. 46.3 (p < 0.01) | 62.8 ± 14.6 mm | ELISA | 9.4 ± 32.2 pg/mL | 2.1 ± 2.9 pg/mL | <0.01 |
| [67] | 108 vs. 42 | 72 ± 4 vs. 69 ± 8 | 100 vs. 100 | 6.3 ± 0.8 cm | Immunoassay | 5.5 ± 2.4 pg/mL | 4.2 ± 1.6 pg/mL | 0.04 |
| [72] | 41 vs. 18 | 72.0 (63.4–77.8) vs. 59.6 (51.4–69.4) | 92.7 vs. 55.6 | 61.6 (40–112) mm | ELISA | 3.7 ± 0.6 pg/mL x | 3.1 ± 0.9 pg/mL x | NS |
| [58] | 130 vs. 219 z | 75 ± 8 vs. 68 (53–80) x | 82.6 vs. 90 | >55 mm | ELISA | 11.3 ± 33.8 pg/mL | 2.1 ± 2.9 pg/mL | <0.01 |
| [85] | 23 vs. 20 | 72 (54–83) vs. 72 (66–79) | 100 vs. 80 | 60 (43–75) x mm | ELISA | 940 x ng/mL | 793 x ng/mL | <0.01 |
| [69] | 10 vs. 10 | 72 (62–75) vs. 72 (62–75) | 80 vs. 20 | NR | ELISA | 12.4 ± 11.2 pg/mL | 3.4 ± 3.1 pg/mL | 0.02 |
| [70] | 78 vs. 36 | 71 (66–78) vs. 72 (67–78) | 79.5 vs. 83.3 | 49 (40–61) x mm | ELISA | 3.1 ± 0.6 ng/mL | 2.3 ± 0.4 ng/mL | <0.01 |
| [71] | 75 vs. 90 | 72 ± 7 vs. 72 ± 6 | 100 vs. 100 | 41 (35–46) mm | ELISA | 3.1 ±0.2 x ng/mL | 3.1 ± 0.2 x ng/mL | 0.98 |
| [76] | 7 vs. 113 | 65 ± 9 (both groups combined) | 52.5 vs. 67.5 | 2.1 ± 0.6 cm/m2 | ELISA | 3.2 ± 0.9 pg/mL | 2.3 ± 1.2 pg/mL | 0.04 |
| [74] | 50 vs. 22 | 72.0 (54–85) vs. 59.6 (44–78) | 90 vs. 54.5 | 61.6 (40–112) mm | ELISA | 4 ± 0.6 x pg/mL | 2.7 ± 0.5 x pg/mL | <0.01 |
| [68] | 10 vs. 10 | 76.5 (65–85) vs. 70.5 (59–81) | 80 vs. 80 | 56.1 (48–83) mm | ELISA | 22.6 ± 13.7 x pg/mL | 9.8 ± 5.6 x pg/mL | <0.05 |
| Interleukin-17 | ||||||||
| [79] | 153 vs. 121 | 68.9 ± 4.9 vs. 69.4 ± 6.4 | 96.7 vs. 99.2 | 49.4 mm ^ | ELISA | 27.7 ± 42.1 pg/mL | 11.7 ± 25.1 pg/mL | <0.01 |
| [78] | 476 vs. 200 | 69.9± 2.8 vs. 69.6 ± 2.8 | 100 vs. 100 | 50 mm | ELISA | 36.5 ± 5.9 pg/mL | 68.4 ± 13.3 pg/mL | 0.02 |
All data presented as mean ± SD. Mean was calculated from the graphical data using ImageJ [45]; if median data were provided, data was calculated using a validated method [46]. * Mean age was calculated using data provided for both male and female genders separately. ^ Standard deviation not reported. x Median value provided in the original paper. z AAA data were reported separately as small <45 mm (n = 122), medium 45–55 mm (n = 108) and large >55 mm (n = 130). Large aneurysm (>55 mm) group was selected for pooled analysis. AAA—abdominal aortic aneurysm, cm—centimetre, ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, L—litre, mL—millilitre, mm—millimetre, NR—not reported, NS—not significant, ND—not detectable, pmol—picomole, pg—picogram.