Figure 2.

Mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce endothelial dysfunction-related disease. eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; SOD, superoxide dismutase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; AP-1, activator protein-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; MCP-1, macrophage chemotactic protein 1; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.