Table 1.

A summary of the distribution and functions of the three beta-adrenoceptor subtypes.

Beta-Adrenoceptor Subtypes	Distribution	Function/Effect	Reference
Beta-1	Cardiac tissue	Heart rate, heart failure, hypotension	[31,32,33]
	The central nervous system, e.g., the basal lateral amygdala and the cerebral cortex	Psychiatric disorders, e.g., anxiety	[34,35]
	Adipose tissue	Lipolysis	[31]
	Salivary glands	Amylase release	[44]
Beta-2	Smooth muscles e.g., in the bronchi, the veins, and the bladder	Smooth muscle relaxation-related effects	[43,45,46]
	Adipose tissue	Lipolysis and mental disorders, such as depression	[36,37]
	Pancreas	Insulin and glucagon secretion	[47]
Beta-3	Adipose tissue	Lipolysis	[38,39]
	Smooth muscles e.g., in the bronchi, the veins, bladder, and the gastrointestinal tract	Smooth muscle relaxation-related effects	[40]
	Cardiac tissue	Heart failure and hypertension	[43]
	The central nervous system, e.g., the ventral tegmental area and the prefrontal cortex	Psychiatric disorders, e.g., depression	[25,48]
	Skeletal muscle	Thermogenesis	[40,41,42]