Table 1.

Beneficial effects of postbiotics (inactivated cells, cell fractions, or metabolites).

Model	Effect	Components	Reference
Clinical study	Potentially reduced abdominal pain and modification of stool consistency for patients with irritable bowel syndrome	Non-viable probiotic lysate of Escherichia coli DSM 17252 and Enterococcus faecalis DSM 16440	[15]
In vitro	Inhibition of lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation	Cell lysate of Lactobacillus plantarum K8	[16]
In vitro	Antibacterial and antioxidant activity	The cell-free supernatant from L. plantarum RG11, RG14, RI11, RS5, TL1, and UL4	[17]
In vitro	Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity	The cell-free supernatant from L. sakei EIR/CM-1	[18]
In vitro	Antimicrobial activity	Metabolic products of L. acidophilus LA5, L. casei 431, and L. salivarius	[19]
In vitro	Increased interleukin IL10 concentration and expression CD103 and CD1d Downregulated expression of NFκB1, RELB, and TNF genes Influenced retinoic acid—driven mucosal-like dendritic cells	The cell-free supernatant from L. reuteri DSM 17938	[20]
In vitro and animal model mice	Immunomodulatory effect	Milk fermentation product using Brevibacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophiles 065	[21]
Animal—mice	Improving the parameters associated with intestinal mucositis induced by chemotherapy	Heat inactivated cells of L. rhamnosus	[22]
Animal—rat	Preventing periodontitis by reducing alveolar bone loss and ameliorating the bone microarchitecture parameters	Heat inactivated cells of L. reuteri	[23]
Animal—broiler chickens	Immunomodulatory effect on jejunal tissue Decreased Clostridium perfringens colony counts, decreased lesions scores, and mortality	Fermented product produced from a consortium containing Pediococcus acidilactici, L. reuter, Enterococcus faecium, and L. acidophilus	[24]
Animal—suckling rat	Protection against rotavirus infection	Cell fragments and metabolites of probiotic microorganisms and prebiotics	[25]
Animal—post-weaning lambs	Immunomodulatory effect (increase of IL-6, decrease of IL1 and TNF) Pathogenic bacteria inhibition	The cell-free supernatant from L. plantarum RG14	[26]
Animal—broiler chickens	Immunomodulatory effect Reduce cell number of Enterobacteria and E. coli	The cell-free supernatant from L. plantarum RG14 probiotic microorganisms and inulin	[27,28]
Animal—broiler chickens	Improving growth performance Reduced number of Enterobacteriaceae Increase expression of hepatic IGF-1 and GHR mRNA and plasma immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM)	The cell-free supernatant from L. plantarum RI11, L. plantarum RS5 and L. plantarum UL4	[29,30]
Animal—neonatale rat	Promoting mucin secretion and the epithelial tight junction protein expression	Components of the cell-free supernatant from L. rhamnosus GG	[31]
Animal—rat	Increase the global bone mineral density	Bacterial lysate and supernatant from L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bacillus coagulans	[32]