Table 2.

The role of curcumin in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction in different organs.

Disease	Action of Curcumin	Effects of Curcumin	Animal Model/Cell Type	Reference
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced muscle atrophy	Inhibition of GSK-3β activity	Improves muscle function Higher ATP levels Suppressing mitochondrial membrane potential Decreases mitochondrial oxidative stress and increases antioxidant levels	C57BL/6 mice	[117]
Neurodegenerative disease	Inhibits GFAP, vimentin and Prdx6 upregulation	Suppresses oxidative stress-induced inflammation Alleviates apoptosis Suppresses mitochondrial fragmentation	Human glioblastoma cell line -A172 Human astrocytes cell line derived from spinal cord- HA-sp	[118]
Insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	Inhibits lipoapoptosis, ROS generation and ATP depletion	Lowers high free fatty acid-induced synthesizes of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphate Contributes cell survival Restores mitochondrial membrane potential	Hepatocytes	[66]
Hyperglycemia	Inhibits increased oxygen consumption and decreased nitric oxide levels	Decreased state 3 oxygen consumption rate Declines the levels of thiobarbituaric acid-reactive substances	Female and male heterozygote non-diabetic db/+ mice	[119]
Heart failure	Acts as an adjuvant therapy	Inhibits mitochondrial impairment Alleviates oxidative stress Decreases mitochondrial membrane potential collapse	Male wistar rats	[120]
Alzheimer’s disease	Protects β-amyloid protein	Enhances mitochondrial fusion activity Decreases fission machinery Increased biogenesis and synaptic proteins	SHSY5Y cells	[56]
Acute kidney injury	Suppresses NF-κB activation in reducing inflammation and stimulates NRF2/HO-1 signaling reduced mitochondrial dysfunction	Decline in the level of mitochondrial ROS Reduced mitochondrial fragmentation level Enhanced TCA cycle, mitochondrial biogenesis	Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell (TEC) line—HK2	[121]