TABLE 3.
Dysregulated metabolites associated with different treatments in plasma metabolomicsa
| Metabolite | Pathway | Classification | Def + TRP + HIFM + HRV | Def + EcN + HIFM + HRV | Def + EcN + TRP + HIFM + HRV | Suf + HIFM + HRV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d-glucose | Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, | Carbohydrates | −0.9 | −0.4 | −0.8 | 5.5 |
| Deoxyribose | Pentose phosphate pathway | Carbohydrate | −0.5 | −0.9 | −0.7 | 1.7 |
| S-adenosylhomocysteine; S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine | Cysteine and methionine metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids | Organic compound | 1.2 | 1.8 | −0.5 | 2.9 |
| Heme; protoheme; heme B; protoheme IX | Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ABC transporters, ferroptosis, mineral absorption | Organic compound | 8.7 | −06 | 1.3 | −0.1 |
| (GalNAc)2 (GlcA)1 (LIdoA)1 (S)3 | Glycosaminoglycan degradation | Organic compound | 1.4 | −0.8 | 1.0 | −0.6 |
| Cytidine-5′-monophosphate; CMP; cytidylic acid | Pyrimidine metabolism | Nucleotide | 1.3 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 4.1 |
| Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide | Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | Nucleotide | 87 | 1,596 | 690 | 0 |
| Inosine | Purine metabolism | Nucleotide | 2.8 | 15 | 81.5 | 6.8 |
| Deoxythymidine 5′-diphosphate | Pyrimidine metabolism | Nucleotide | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
| Xanthine | Purine metabolism | Nucleotide | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| Gentisic acid | Benzoate degradation | Benzenoids | 2.7 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
| Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol | Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 | Benzenoids | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
| 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA | Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation | Amino acid | 445 | 8,802 | 2,156 | 13 |
| N-acetylserotonin; N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine | Tryptophan metabolism | Amino acid | 1.5 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 3.9 |
| Sphinganine | Sphingolipid metabolism | Lipid | −0.5 | −0.4 | 2.0 | −0.1 |
| Glycerophosphoethanolamine; sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine | Glycerophospholipid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism | Lipid | −0.7 | 1.1 | −0.9 | 1.2 |
| Leukotriene C4 | Arachidonic acid metabolism, asthma | Lipid | 1,644 | 6,654 | 1,517 | 18 |
| Eicosanoic acid; icosanoic acid; arachidic acid | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids | Lipid | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | -0.4 |
| Retinoyl glucuronide;all-trans-retinoyl-beta-glucuronide | Retinol metabolism | Lipid | 2.0 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 6.3 |
| Phytosphingosine; 4-d-Hydroxysphinganine | Sphingolipid metabolism | Lipid | 549 | 3,931 | 1,020 | 645 |
| Cholesterol sulfate; Cholest-5-en-3beta-ol sulfate | Steroid hormone biosynthesis | Lipid | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.0 |
Gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) at 4 days of age, post-HIFM transplantation day (PBTD) 0. Pigs were fed deficient (Def) and/or sufficient (Suf) diets. Pigs were supplemented orally with E. coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 and/or tryptophan (TRP) at PBTD7, subsequently challenged with virulent human rotavirus (VirHRV) at PBTD9-10/postchallenge day (PCD) 0, and euthanized on PBTD24/PCD14. Treatment groups were compared with untreated (Def) control group pigs and presented as fold change. A negative sign represents decreased relative intensity. Metabolites highlighted in bold are correlated with immunological assays, determined by Spearman’s nonparametric correlation method.