Table 3.
Key randomised controlled trials of Nrf2 activators in patients.
| Intervention | Trial | Population | Comparator | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimethyl Fumarate | CONFIRM phase III trial [182] | Adults aged 18–55 with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis | Placebo | Reduced annualised relapse rate with dimethyl fumarate with treatment |
| DEFINE phase III trial [183] | Adults aged 18–55 with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis | Placebo | Reduced two-year relapse rate with dimethyl fumarate with treatment | |
| Sulforaphane | SAS Phase II trial [193] | Adult aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage | Placebo | No data reported. |
| Bardoxolone methyl | BEACON phase III trial [194] | Adult type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease | Placebo | No effect of treatment on progression to end stage renal failure. Increased risk of cardiovascular events with treatment. |
| BEAM phase II trial [195] | Adult type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 3b-4 chronic kidney disease using an angiotensin receptor blocker | Placebo | Improved one-year estimated glomerular filtration rate with treatment | |
| Omaveloxolone | MOXIe phase II trial [196] | Adults aged 16–40 with Friedreich Ataxia and no cardiac disease | Placebo | Improved 48-week modified Friedreich’s Ataxia Rating Scale score with treatment |