COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
ALI	Air liquid interface
PCLS	Precision cut lung slices
hPSCs	Human pluripotent stem cells
ASCs	Adult stem cells
iPSCs	Induced pluripotent stem cells
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
CSE	Cigarette smoke extract
NNN	N-nitrosonornicotine
NNK	Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone
ECM	Extracellular matrix
PAHs	Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
AEC2	Alveolar epithelial type II
AEC1	Alveolar epithelial type I
SFTPC	Surfactant protein C
CF	Cystic fibrosis
HTBEC	Human tracheobronchial epithelial cells
FACS	Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
MACS	Magnetic-activated cell sorting
IPF	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
BASCs	Bronchioalveolar stem cells
BMP4	Bone morphogenetic protein 4
NFATc1	Nuclear factor of activated T cell c1
TSP1	Thrombospondin-1
LBO	Lung bud organoid
Grhl2	Grainyhead-like transcription factor 2
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3
DATPs	Damage-associated transient progenitors
TAZ	Transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif
YAP	Yes-associated protein
FGF	Fibroblast growth factor
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
TrkB	Receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B
Th2	T helper 2
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor–β
FAM13A	Family with sequence similarity member 13A
AREG	Amphiregulin
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
FOXJ1	Forkhead box protein J1
FOXM1	Forkhead box protein M1
SPDEF	SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
FAO	Fatty acid oxidation
RSV	Respiratory syncytial virus
SARS-CoV-2	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
HPSIP	Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS)-associated interstitial pneumonia
BPE	Bovine pituitary extract
HBEC	Human bronchial epithelial cells
HMOX-1	Heme oxygenase-1
MTS	Mainstream tobacco smoke
RA	Retinoic acid
FC	Fibrosis cocktail
DTA	Diphtheria toxin A-chain
EGF	Epidermal growth factor
CPT1A	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A
FBS	Fetal bovine serum