Table 2.

List of electrochemical biosensors.

Electrode	Biorecognition Element	Biomarker	Technique	LOD	Working Range	Sample	Response Time	Year	Ref.
Gold	BP3 peptide	PCT	EIS	12.5 ng/mL	0.013–0.25 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL	Buffer	/	2017	[65]
Carbon screen printed	Antibody	PCT	Amperometric	0.1 ng/mL	0.5–1000 ng/mL	Human serum	<20 min	2020	[66]
Gold	Antibody	PCT	Amperometric	0.04 ng/mL	0.1–20 ng/mL	Plasma	<20 min	2020
Carbon screen printed	Antibody	CRP	Amperometric	0.80 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL	2–100 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL	Plasma	5 min	2020	[67]
Carbon screen printed	Antibody	CRP	Amperometric	0.058 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL	1–100 $\mathsf{\mu }$g/mL	Plasma	5 min	2021	[68]
Glassy carbon electrode	Antibody	PCT	Amperometric	0.011 pg/mL	0.0001–100 ng/mL	Diluted serum	50 min	2022	[69]
Glassy carbon electrode	Antibody	PCT	DPV	0.46 pg/mL	0.001–100 ng/mL	Diluted human serum	/	2021	[70]
Glassy carbon electrode	Antibody	PCT	DPV	0.3 pg/mL	1 pg/mL–100 ng/mL	Human serum	/	2021	[71]
Gold interdigitated electrode	Antibody	PCT, CRP	EIS	10 ng/mL	0.01–10 ng/mL	Human Serum	<15 min	2019	[72]
Gold electrode	Antibody	PCT, CRP	Amperometric	10 ng/mL	0.01–10 ng/mL	Clinical sample	<15 min	2021	[73]
Gold electrode on microneedle	Antibody	IL-6	DPV	/	20–100 pg/mL	Human Serum spiked	3 min	2018	[74]
Gold interdigitated	Antibody	IL-3	Capacitive	3.0 pg/mL	3.0–100 pg/mL	Human Serum spiked	/	2021	[75]
Gold screen printed	Antibody	IL-3	Chronoamperometry	10 pg/mL	10–104 pg/mL	Plasma/serum from clinical sample	<1 h	2018	[76]
Gold	Antibody	IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TRAIL, IP 10	EIS	0.1, 0.1, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 pg/mL	0.01–104, 0.1–5000, 0.1–103, 1.0–2$\times$103 pg/mL	Plasma	5 min	2021	[77]
Disposable sensor cartridge with a gold-based array electrodes	Antibody	IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TRAIL, IP 10	Label-free non faradic impedence spetroscopy	0.1, 0.1, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 pg/mL	0.01–104, 0.1–5000, 0.1–103, 1.0–2$\times$103 pg/mL	Clinical samples	5 min	2022	[78]
Gold	RNA specific probe	16S RNA from S. aureus, E coli, P aeruginosa, P. mirabilis	Amperometry	290 CFU/mL	/	Human blood	<1 h	2017	[79]
Indium tin oxide coated glass	Conductive MIP	K. pneumoniae	DPV	1.35 CFU/mL	1.0–1.0$\times$105 CFU/mL	Spiked human urine	3 min	2022	[80]
Gold	CRISPR/Cas12a	DNA from E. coli, S. aureus	EIS	3.0 nM	3 –18 nM	Buffer solution spiked clinical strains	1 h	2022	[81]

Abbreviations: EIS electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, DPV differential pulse voltammetry, MIP molecularly imprinted polymers.