Table 3.

List of optical biosensors and their main characteristics.

Substrate	Biorecognition Element	Biomarker	Technique	LOD	Working Range	Sample	Response Time	Year	Ref.
Optic fiber	Antibody	CRP	SPR	1.17 μg/mL	0.01–20 ug/mL	PBS buffer	/	2017	[89]
Optic fiber	Antibody	PCT	LSPR	95 fg/mL	1–100 ng/mL	Human serum	<15 min	2019	[90]
AuNPs	Aptamers	IL-6	LSPR	1.95 μg/mL	3.3–125 μg/mL	mixed protein solution	5 min	2020	[91]
gold nanohole array (Au-NHA)	Antibody	CRP	Interferometry	18 mg/mL	0–250 μg/mL	spiked PBS sample	1 min after sample incubation	2019	[92]
	Antibody	IL-6		88 mg/mL	0–400 μg/mL
	DNA capture probe	miRNA-16		6 mg/mL	0.8–12.5 μg/mL
AuNPs	electrostatic	urease	LSPR	0.8 μg/mL	0.8–12.5 μg/mL	broth culture	40 min	2019	[93]
AgNPs@BP	Aptamers	CRP	SERS	100 fg/mL	10−4–10 ng/mL	Human serum	/	2022	[94]
		IL-6		0.1 fg/mL	10−7–10−2 ng/mL
		PCT		1.0 fg/mL	10−6–10−1 ng/mL
/	Photocatalysis	S. capitis	Colorimetry	103 CFU/mL	102–108 CFU/mL	Whole blood	<5 h	2021	[95]
		E. coli
AgMNPs/CPs	Label-free	IL-3	SERS	1000 fM	1 pM–100 nM	Sterile human serum	Real time	2022	[96]
		PCT		100 fM	100 fM–100 nM
Silicon chip	Antibody	CRP	WLRS	1 ng/mL	0.05–200 μg/mL	Human plasma	12 min	2021	[97]

Abbreviations: SPR surface plasmon resonance, LSPR localized surface plasmon resonance, AuNPs gold nanoparticles, BP black phosphorous, SERS surface enhanced Raman scattering, AgMNPs silver magnetic nanoparticles, WLRS white light reflectance spectroscopy.