Table 1.

Promising targets that can be employed for T2DM gene therapy.

Class	Genes	Main Function
Genes modulating homeostasis of glucose	GLUTs	Involved in the re-absorption of filtered glucose from the kidney into the bloodstream
	SGLTs	Partake profoundly in muscle and hepatic glucose fluxes
	FGFs	Functions significantly in the homeostasis of glucose
	SIRT6	Connected with an expression of GLUTs and increased glycolysis
Genes enhancing the secretion of insulin and/or sensitivity	GLP-1 and its analogs/agonists	Boost the survival of beta-cell, provoke the expression of the insulin gene, and synthesis
	GPGRs and their agonists	Enhances the secretion of insulin and GLP-1
	CTB-APSL	Enhances secretion of insulin and insulin resistance
	IKK E, TBK1	Linked with diminution in weight, insulin resistance, fatty liver as well as inflammation
Genes attenuating diabetic induced complications	IL-1b	Linked with inflammation and b-cell failure
	ADPN	Attenuates diabetic nephropathy
	TGF-a	Has a function in DKD linked with nephron reduction
	NLRP3	Attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy
	CDKN2A/2B	connected with modulation of T-cell phenotype and chronic inflammation
	HSP70	Connected with bioenergetics of mitochondrion and diabetic sensory neuropathy
	MicroRNAs	Implicated in the modulation of diabetic microvasculature

Legend: HSP70 = heat shock protein 70; NLRP3 = nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3; SGLTs = sodium-glucose co-transporters; GLUTs, glucose transporters; SIRT6=Sirtuin 6; FGFs = fibroblast growth factors; GPGRs = G protein–coupled receptors; GLP-1= glycogen-like peptide 1; ADPN = adiponectin; CTB APSL = cholera toxin B subunit and active peptide from shark liver; TGF-a = transforming growth factor-alpha; DKD = diabetic kidney disease [51].