Table 3.
List of publications analyzing the function of EVs in AITDs. HT—Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis; GD—Graves’ Disease; DC—Dendritic Cell; PBMC—Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell; (d)UC—(differential) UltraCentrifugation; WB—Western Blot; qRT-PCR—quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. ↗ stands for “increase of”; ↘ stands for “decrease of”.
| Reference | EV Isolation |
Content Analysis | Differential Content |
EV origin | Recipient Cells | Dose | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Cui et al., 2019) [73] | High-speed dUC | WB | TPO, HSP60, MHC-II | HT serum | DCs, PBMCs | 600 µg- EVs/1 × 106 cells | Action via TLR2/3 DCs: ↗IL-6, NF-kB PBMCs: Th1, Th17, Treg diff. |
| (Cui et al., 2020) [74] | High-speed dUC | WB | TPO, HSP60, MHC-II | IFN-γ-treated Nthy | DCs | Transwell co-culture | DC activation, CD4+ T ly pro-inflammatory response |
| (Cui et al., 2020) [75] | High-speed dUC | WB | IGF-1R, HSP60 | GD serum | PBMCs | 400 µg-EVs/2 × 106 cells | Action via TLR2/3 ↗IL-6, IL-1b NF-Kb pathway |
| (Rodríguez-Muñoz et al.) [76] | Medium-speed UC | qRT-PCR | miR-146a, miR-155 | AITD plasma | Naive CD4+ T cells | 1mL plasma-MVs/2 × 105 cells | ↗ Th17 and ↘Treg differentiation |
| (Han et al., 2021) [77] | Kit | Proteome profiler | VBD, CRP, CHI3L1, MMP-9, VCAM-1 | GD tear fluids | Orbital fibroblasts | 5 µg/1 × 104 cells | ↗ IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 |
| (Hiratsuka et al., 2016) [78] | Kit | / | / | GD serum | PBMCs | ? | ↗ expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 |