Table 3.
Summary of the methods used to measure ractopamine content in animals.
| Specimen | Instrumentation | No. of β-agonists/Internal Standards | Linear Range | LOD/LOQ | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine | GC–MS3 (electron impact–ion trap) | Clenbuterol/ methyltestosterone (IS) |
0.5–5 ppb | 0.2 ppb | [93] |
| Pig muscle and human urine | Electrochemical detection | Ractopamine and salbutamol/-- | 1–28 μM (ractopamine) 5–220 μM (salbutamol) |
-- | [94] |
| Pig muscle and urine | HPLC-UV | Ractopamine/ephedrine hydrochloride | 0.01–2 ppm | LOD: 0.003 ppm LOQ: 0.01 ppm |
[97] |
| Pig samples | HPLC-UV | Ractopamine, clenbuterol, and salbutamol | 0.5–50 ppb 0.5–50 ppb 0.2–20 ppb |
LOD: 0.1, 0.1, and 0.05 ppb | [96] |
| Pork | HPLC-UV | Derivatized ractopamine | 0.15–100 μg/g | LOD: 0.078 μg/g | [95] |
| Pork | ELISA | Salbutamol and ractopamine/-- | 0–1.0 ppb | LOD: 0.5 ppb | [98] |
| Swine meat/animal feed | ELISA | Salbutamol/-- | 0.05–1.0 ppb | LOD: 0.3–1.5 ppb LOQ: 0.6–3.0 ppb |
[99] |
| Porcine meat | MEKC | Ractopamine | 10–300 ng/g | LOD: 5 ng/g | [100] |
| Animal feeds | HPLC-MS | Ractopamine, clenbuterol, and salbutamol | 0.5–500 mg/kg | LOD: 0.01 mg/kg LOQ: 0.05 mg/kg |
[101] |
| Goat, various tissues | UPLC–MS/MS | Salbutamol/SAL-d3 | 0.5–100 ppb | LOD: 0.2 ppb LOQ: 0.5 ppb |
[102] |
| Animal feeds | UPLC–MS/MS | Ractopamine, salbutamol, terbutaline, fenoterol, metaproterenol, clenbuterol, formoterol, tulobuterol, phenylethanolamine A/d3-salbutamol, d6-ractopamine, d6-clenbuterol | 5–100 ppb | LOD: 0.01–0.05 ppb LOQ: 0.03–0.20 ppb |
[95] |
| Goat, various tissues | UPLC-Q-Orbitrap | RAC/[d6]-RAC | 0.5–500 ppb | LOD: 0.15 ppb LOQ: 0.5 ppb |
[103] |
| Pork, beef, mutton, and chicken | UPLC-Q-Orbitrap | Salbutamol, cimaterol, bromchlorbuterol, ractopamine, isoxsuprine, mapenterol, terbutaline, cimbuterol, clenbuterol, brombuterol, mabuterol, clorprenaline/clenbuterol-d9, salbutamol-d3 | 0.01–50 ppb | LOD: 0.0033–0.01 ppb LOQ: 0.01–0.03 ppb |
[104] |
Abbreviation: LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantitation; GC–MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; HPLC-UV, high-performance liquid chromatography—ultraviolet; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MEKC, micellar electrokinetic chromatography; UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography.