Table 5.

Recommendations.

	Recommendations	Levels of Evidence	Grades of Recommendations
Domain 1	Caregiver education
1	Wandering may provide physical exercise and social contact and improve appetite, but it can make PwD experience adverse outcomes such as physical injuries from falls and getting lost [46,47]	3c	A
2	Ensure continuous supervision to prevent risky situations, as all PwD are at risk of becoming lost, including those who have never wandered before [26,28,48,50]	2d	A
3	Physical restraint is an inappropriate intervention to prevent wandering, as it is considered to be ethically problematic [23,49]	/	B
4	Healthcare providers can choose high-tech strategies, including boundary alarm systems, monitoring systems, and electronic tracking devices for PwD, but the user’s privacy and autonomy should be respected [23,28,44,49,50,57]	1c	B
5	When PwD become lost, a response plan including the following steps should be taken [31,50,52,56]	4d	B
	- Contact local police immediately, provide information about PwD who got lost, and extend the search through social networks such as WeChat platforms and TikTok short video platforms
	- Search the house and the surrounding buildings immediately
	- The initial 6 to 12 hours of the search should cover an eight-mile radius around the location where he/she disappeared, concentrating on open, populated areas
	- If initial search efforts fail, intense foot searches should focus on natural and sparsely populated areas, beginning within a two-mile radius of the location where he/she disappeared and extending from there
	- Search strategies should not be based on personal characteristics and experiences
	- Searches should continue throughout the night if necessary
	- If PwD travelled by automobile or subway, initial search efforts should focus on locating his/her vehicle
Domain 2	Preventing excessive wandering
6	Listen to music chosen according to the patient’s preferences [27,28]	2d	B
7	Provide opportunities to engage in social interactions or meaningful activities when PwD are most likely to wander, such as folding laundry, preparing dinner, receiving visitors, or participating in live violin recitals, depending on their ability [28,31,48]	2d	B
8	Choose oversized clocks to hang in a prominent position in corridors [25]	2d	B
9	Ensuring adequate light during the day (e.g., keeping the environment bright during the day and providing regular supervised exercise, such as walking after meals) helps to reduce wandering at night [25,28,45,48,50,51,55]	1c	A
10	Keep the environment dark during the night, and eliminate unnecessary night-time awakenings (e.g., noise) [25,51]	1c	B
Domain 3	Promoting safe walking
	Provide an environment as safe as possible
11	- Keep the floor clean and remove tripping hazards to promote safe walking, such as excessive clutter, loose mats, and extension cords [28,48,53,54]	/	A
12	- Minimise stressors from the environment, such as changes in daily routines and furniture arrangements [28,30]	4b	B
13	Provide a secure place for PwD to exercise to reduce the risk of falls and fall-related injuries [28,31,47,52]	3c	A
	Prepare for a walk
14	- Wear appropriate footwear and walk in the company of healthcare providers [26,50,54]	2d	A
15	- Monitoring devices should be used to prevent injuries, such as alarm systems or automatic lights [27]	1c	B
Domain 4	Preventing PwD from going missing
	Wayfinding cues may reduce disorientation
16	- Provide environmental cues to help PwD find their way, including photographs, posters and murals on walls, and extra-large signage, which should be salient and simple [27,28,30,48]	4b	B
17	- Handrails in hallways installed throughout the house should be oriented, continuous, and conspicuous to support dementia patients’ mobility [30]	4b	B
	Reduce attempts at exiting
18	- Take advantage of visual stop barriers to reduce attempts at exiting, including camouflaged doors, horizontal grids of black tape in front of exits, safety covers, and cloth of the same colour as the door in front of exit doors [27,28,31]	2d	B
19	- Divert attention by using tactile boards, interactive walls, and 3D wall art [28]	2d	B
20	- Use high-tech strategies, such as warning bells above doors, monitoring systems, and tracking devices with GPS [26,44,48,50,52]	1c	B
21	Don’t leave PwD unsupervised [26]	2d	A

/Recommendations that could not be assessed through the JBI Levels of Evidence.