Table 1.

Research studies with results of SA-β-gal analysis in patient tissues.

Condition	Number of Patients	SA-β-Gal Localization	Results	Reference
Primary ovarian cancer	11	Cells of ovarian cancer not subject to chemotherapy	SA-β-gal activity was detected in 100% of cases of primary ovarian cancer	[24]
Epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma	40	Healthy tissues and epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma	SA-β-gal activity in tumor tissues is 50% higher than in healthy tissues	[25]
Colon adenocarcinoma	7	Colon adenocarcinoma tissue	SA-β-gal activity in adenocarcinoma tissues is 2 times higher than normal	[26]
Colon adenoma and untreated invasive carcinoma	23	Senescent cells within neoplastic epithelial areas of manifest colorectal carcinomas	SA-β-gal activity was found in 8 out of 12 adenomas, 1 of out 6 invasive carcinomas, 0 out of 5 normal crypt mucosa tissues	[27]
Colon adenoma	59	Cells of colon adenomas	A strong correlation between SA-β-gal staining and senescence immunohistochemical markers	[28]
Glioma	23	Cells of malignant glial tumors	The greatest increase in the activity of β-galactosidase was in anaplastic oligodendroglioma; in other glial tumors, it was also higher than in meningiomas and metastatic tumors	[21]
Glioma	5	Tumor-associated brain endothelial cells	SA-β-gal activity was detected in glioma tissue cells, while normal brain tissue was negative	[29]
Breast cancer, fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease	18	Carcinomas, fibrocystic, fibroadenomatous tissues	SA-β-gal activity was normal in fibroadenoma cells, increased in fibrocystic cells, and maximum level was observed in breast cancer cells	[26]
Breast cancer	56	Tissues of treated and untreated breast tumors	SA-β-gal activity was detected in 15 of 36 tumors. Tumor sections of patients who had not received chemotherapy expressed SA-β-gal in 2 of 20 cases	[30]
Prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia	124	Human prostate epithelial cells	High expression of SA-β-gal was observed in 37% of primary cancer specimens, 72% of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia samples, and 13% of benign tissues	[31]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	43	Human prostate epithelial cells of hypertrophied tissues	SA-β-gal activity was detected in 17 out of 43 specimens. Prostate epithelial cells expressed SA-β-gal in patients with more pronounced prostate enlargement weighing more than 55 g, while the senescent cells were absent in prostate cells weighing less than 55 g	[32]
Prostate cancer	126	Senescent prostate cancer cells	GLB1 staining was expressed at higher levels in prostate samples treated with androgen deprivation	[33]
Chronic hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma	57	Replicating cells in normal liver, liver with chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinomas	In normal liver tissue, SA-β-gal activity can be detected in 20% of cases. SA-β-gal was expressed in 60% of hepatocellular carcinoma samples and in 50% of samples with hepatitis C	[34]
Chronic viral hepatitis	20	Tissues of liver with chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, and normal liver	The SA-β-gal activity was frequently detected in periportal or periseptal hepatocytes of liver cirrhosis and focally in chronic hepatitis irrespective of type B or type C infection, while the enzyme activity was extremely weak in normal livers	[35]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	95	Cancer cells	High SA-β-gal activity in tumor and low SA-β-gal activity in non-tumor tissues	[36]
Lung Cancer	6	Tumor cells treated with chemotherapy and radiation	The enzyme was not detected in samples from patients who did not receive chemotherapy. SA-β-gal expression elevated in tissues after neoadjuvant chemotherapy	[37]
Melanocytic naevi	23	Tissues of congenital naevi	Human naevi, largely growth-arrested neoplastic lesions, are positive for the senescence marker SA-β-gal	[38]
Melanocytic naevi	17	Adult nevi cells	Every specimen evaluated showed varying degrees of positivity at the optimal pH 4, none of the specimens showed staining at pH 6	[39]
Knee osteoarthritis	50	Chondrocytes in articular cartilage	SA-β-gal staining was found in a subset of chondrocytes close to the lesion site of mild, moderate, and severely altered knee cartilage with osteoarthritis. No SA-β-gal staining was observed in normal articular cartilage samples	[40]
Atherosclerosis	3	Atherosclerotic aorta	The aortic endothelium cells overlying atherosclerotic plaques were SA-β-gal-positive. The endothelium covering nearby regions of relatively normal aorta was SA-β-gal-negative	[41]
Gastric cancer	13	Gastric cancer cells, peritoneum metastatic cells	The SA-β-gal content in the tumor was high. SA-β-gal allowed locating peritoneal metastases	[42]
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas	39	Neoplasms with low-, intermediate- and high-grade dysplasia, associated invasive carcinoma	Senescence is induced in the early stage of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and gradually attenuated according to the progression	[43]
Cervical and endometrial carcinoma	77	Tissues of invasive cervical cancer and endometrial cancer	Squamous cell carcinoma (negative reaction) and cylindrocellular carcinoma (positive reaction in cancer cells)	[44]
Usual type uterine leiomyoma	14 (86 samples)	Fibroid tissue sections	48 out of 82 tumors were SA-β-gal positive in >10% of the tumor volume. The more senescent cells, the higher the stage (1–4) and the lower the growth potential of the tumor	[45]