Table 2.

Associations of dietary intakes of carotenoids and vitamin A with lung cancer risk, SCCS.

Carotenoids	Quartiles	Case	Model 1 #	Model 2 #	Model 3 #
			HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
α-carotene	1	334	ref	ref	ref
	2	314	0.87 (0.75–1.01)	0.98 (0.84–1.14)	1.02 (0.87–1.19)
	3	281	0.73 (0.63–0.86)	0.90 (0.76–1.05)	0.96 (0.81–1.12)
	4	275	0.68 (0.58–0.80)	0.95 (0.81–1.12)	1.03 (0.87–1.22)
Ptrend			<0.001	0.33	0.94
β-carotene	1	317	ref	ref	ref
	2	309	0.86 (0.74–1.01)	0.99 (0.84–1.15)	1.02 (0.87–1.19)
	3	275	0.72 (0.61–0.84)	0.89 (0.76–1.05)	0.94 (0.79–1.11)
	4	303	0.74 (0.63–0.87)	1.03 (0.88–1.22)	1.09 (0.92–1.28)
Ptrend			<0.001	0.99	0.55
β-Cryptoxanthin	1	351	ref	ref	ref
	2	314	0.82 (0.71–0.96)	0.98 (0.84–1.14)	1.01 (0.87–1.18)
	3	265	0.66 (0.56–0.77)	0.85 (0.72–1.00)	0.89 (0.76–1.05)
	4	274	0.61 (0.52–0.71)	0.90 (0.76–1.06)	0.94 (0.80–1.11)
Ptrend			<0.001	0.07	0.23
Lutein and	1	321	ref	ref	ref
Zeaxanthin	2	296	0.81 (0.69–0.95)	0.95 (0.81–1.12)	0.99 (0.84–1.16)
	3	277	0.71 (0.60–0.83)	0.89 (0.76–1.05)	0.95 (0.80–1.12)
	4	310	0.77 (0.65–0.90)	0.99 (0.84–1.16)	1.05 (0.89–1.24)
Ptrend			<0.001	0.74	0.66
Lycopene	1	343	ref	ref	ref
	2	317	0.94 (0.80–1.09)	1.01 (0.87–1.18)	1.04 (0.89–1.21)
	3	270	0.81 (0.69–0.95)	0.93 (0.79–1.09)	0.96 (0.82–1.13)
	4	274	0.81 (0.70–0.95)	0.98 (0.83–1.14)	1.01 (0.85–1.18)
Ptrend			0.003	0.53	0.82
Vitamin A, RAE	1	311	ref	ref	ref
	2	285	0.81 (0.69–0.95)	0.93 (0.79–1.09)	0.95 (0.80–1.12)
	3	290	0.76 (0.64–0.89)	0.98 (0.83–1.15)	1.02 (0.87–1.21)
	4	318	0.76 (0.64–0.89)	1.09 (0.93–1.28)	1.14 (0.96–1.35)
Ptrend			<0.001	0.24	0.08

^# Model 1—minimum adjustment model: adjusting for age, race, and sex. Model2—smoking behavior adjustment model: adjusting for age, race, sex, smoking status, packyears, enrollment type, and energy intake. Model 3—fully adjusted model: adjusting for age, race, sex, smoking status, packyears, enrollment type, energy intake, COPD status, education level, income level, alcohol consumption, and BMI.