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. 2022 Oct 21;14(20):5159. doi: 10.3390/cancers14205159

Table 3.

Associations of dietary intakes of carotenoids and vitamin A with lung cancer risk by race and sex, SCCS.

α-Carotene β-Carotene β-Cryptoxanthin Lutein and Zeaxanthin Lycopene Vitamin A
Quartile Case HR *
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)
Sex
Women 1 162 ref 156 ref 188 ref 158 ref 170 ref 149 ref
2 160 1.07
(0.86–1.34)		 147 1.02
(0.81–1.28)		 145 0.88
(0.71–1.10)		 154 1.07
(0.85–1.34)		 144 0.96
(0.77–1.20)		 140 0.99
(0.78–1.25)
3 128 0.87
(0.69–1.10)		 141 1.02
(0.81–1.29)		 127 0.83
(0.66–1.04)		 128 0.92
(0.72–1.16)		 142 1.03
(0.82–1.29)		 151 1.15
(0.91–1.45)
4 144 1.11
(0.88–1.40)		 150 1.14
(0.90–1.44)		 134 0.89
(0.71–1.12)		 154 1.07
(0.85–1.35)		 138 1.02
(0.82–1.29)		 154 1.22
(0.96–1.54)
Ptrend 0.80 0.29 0.24 0.85 0.72 0.06
Men 1 172 ref 161 ref 163 ref 163 ref 173 ref 162 ref
2 154 0.97
(0.78–1.21)		 162 1.02
(0.82–1.27)		 169 1.17
(0.94–1.45)		 142 0.92
(0.73–1.15)		 173 1.12
(0.91–1.39)		 145 0.92
(0.72–1.16)
3 153 1.05
(0.84–1.32)		 134 0.87
(0.68–1.10)		 138 0.98
(0.78–1.24)		 149 0.98
(0.78–1.23)		 128 0.91
(0.72–1.15)		 139 0.92
(0.72–1.17)
4 131 0.95
(0.75–1.21)		 153 1.03
(0.81–1.30)		 140 1.01
(0.79–1.27)		 156 1.03
(0.82–1.30)		 136 0.99
(0.78–1.25)		 164 1.06
(0.83–1.35)
Ptrend 0.89 0.84 0.69 0.69 0.52 0.58
Race
EA 1 123 ref 100 ref 113 ref 102 ref 115 ref 98 ref
2 92 0.84
(0.64–1.10)		 105 1.15
(0.87–1.51)		 101 1.08
(0.83–1.42)		 96 1.09
(0.82–1.45)		 93 0.94
(0.71–1.24)		 94 1.05
(0.78–1.40)
3 80 0.79
(0.60–1.06)		 79 0.95
(0.70–1.29)		 78 0.88
(0.66–1.18)		 84 0.98
(0.73–1.32)		 87 1.03
(0.78–1.38)		 89 1.04
(0.77–1.40)
4 79 0.84
(0.63–1.13)		 90 1.06
(0.79–1.43)		 82 0.93
(0.69–1.24)		 92 1.03
(0.77–1.38)		 79 0.95
(0.71–1.27)		 93 1.05
(0.78–1.43)
Ptrend 0.19 0.98 0.38 1.00 0.88 0.77
AA 1 203 ref 206 ref 226 ref 209 ref 216 ref 206 ref
2 211 1.09
(0.90–1.33)		 202 0.99
(0.82–1.21)		 203 0.98
(0.81–1.19)		 194 0.96
(0.79–1.17)		 216 1.11
(0.92–1.35)		 189 0.93
(0.76–1.15)
3 193 1.04
(0.85–1.27)		 183 0.90
(0.74–1.11)		 178 0.90
(0.73–1.10)		 184 0.92
(0.75–1.13)		 178 0.97
(0.79–1.19)		 188 0.98
(0.78–1.21)
4 185 1.10
(0.90–1.36)		 201 1.07
(0.87–1.31)		 185 0.95
(0.78–1.17)		 205 1.02
(0.84–1.25)		 182 1.01
(0.82–1.24)		 209 1.12
(0.91–1.38)
Ptrend 0.48 0.74 0.47 0.91 0.74 0.24

* HR were calculated by fully adjusted model: adjusting for age, race, sex, smoking status, pack years, enrollment type, energy intake, COPD status, education level, income level, alcohol consumption, and BMI.