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. 2022 Oct 21;14(20):5159. doi: 10.3390/cancers14205159

Table 4.

Associations of dietary intakes of carotenoids and vitamin A with lung cancer risk by smoking status and lung cancer histological subtypes, SCCS.

α-Carotene β-Carotene β-Cryptoxanthin Lutein and
Zeaxanthin		 Lycopene Vitamin A
Quartile Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)		 Case HR
(95% CI)
Smoking status
Current smokers 1 269 ref 264 ref 291 ref 257 ref 277 ref 261 ref
2 237 1.02
(0.86–1.22)		 233 0.98
(0.82–1.17)		 242 1.01
(0.85–1.20)		 225 1.03
(0.86–1.23)		 252 1.04
(0.88–1.24)		 216 0.94
(0.78–1.13)
3 203 0.96
(0.80–1.16)		 198 0.94
(0.78–1.14)		 200 0.92
(0.77–1.11)		 204 1.01
(0.83–1.22)		 205 0.95
(0.79–1.14)		 217 1.09
(0.90–1.31)
4 204 1.17
(0.97–1.41)		 218 1.18
(0.98–1.42)		 180 0.93
(0.77–1.13)		 227 1.16
(0.97–1.40)		 179 0.88
(0.73–1.07)		 219 1.23
(1.02–1.49)
Ptrend 0.22 0.16 0.34 0.15 0.14 0.01
Former smokers 1 48 ref 36 ref 44 ref 45 ref 49 ref 34 ref
2 53 0.90
(0.61–1.34)		 52 1.12
(0.73–1.72)		 50 0.99
(0.66–1.49)		 47 0.72
(0.48–1.10)		 45 1.02
(0.68–1.54)		 50 0.95
(0.60–1.49)
3 55 0.90
(0.60–1.33)		 57 0.98
(0.64–1.51)		 43 0.72
(0.47–1.10)		 54 0.73
(0.49–1.09)		 46 1.03
(0.68–1.55)		 53 0.83
(0.53–1.30)
4 57 0.78
(0.52–1.15)		 68 0.99
(0.65–1.50)		 76 1.06
(0.72–1.55)		 67 0.79
(0.53–1.17)		 73 1.50
(1.04–2.17)		 76 0.91
(0.59–1.39)
Ptrend 0.22 0.73 0.96 0.39 0.03 0.61
Never Smokers 1 17 ref 17 ref 16 ref 19 ref 17 ref 16 ref
2 24 1.19
(0.64–2.23)		 24 1.08
(0.58–2.03)		 22 1.11
(0.58–2.12)		 24 1.03
(0.56–1.90)		 20 1.15
(0.60–2.19)		 19 0.90
(0.45–1.77)
3 23 1.01
(0.53–1.91)		 20 0.77
(0.40–1.50)		 22 0.93
(0.48–1.78)		 19 0.73
(0.38–1.39)		 19 1.07
(0.55–2.07)		 20 0.77
(0.39–1.53)
4 14 0.58
(0.28–1.20)		 17 0.58
(0.29–1.17)		 18 0.62
(0.31–1.24)		 16 0.58
(0.29–1.15)		 22 1.17
(0.62–2.23)		 23 0.77
(0.39–1.52)
Ptrend 0.10 0.06 0.11 0.06 0.70 0.42
Histological subtypes
Adeno-
Carcinoma		 1 96 ref 99 ref 122 ref 110 ref 110 ref 93 ref
2 118 1.30
(0.99–1.71)		 110 1.14
(0.86–1.50)		 100 0.90
(0.69–1.17)		 99 0.93
(0.71–1.23)		 109 1.07
(0.82–1.39)		 104 1.12
(0.84–1.50)
3 101 1.17
(0.88–1.55)		 92 0.97
(0.73–1.30)		 82 0.76
(0.57–1.01)		 90 0.87
(0.65–1.16)		 92 0.95
(0.72–1.26)		 99 1.14
(0.85–1.53)
4 88 1.10
(0.82–1.49)		 102 1.14
(0.86–1.53)		 99 0.94
(0.71–1.24)		 104 1.01
(0.77–1.33)		 92 0.97
(0.74–1.29)		 107 1.27
(0.94–1.71)
Ptrend 0.70 0.61 0.41 0.95 0.67 0.13
Squamous cell
carcinoma		 1 72 ref 69 ref 56 ref 62 ref 66 ref 61 ref
2 65 0.97
(0.69–1.36)		 57 0.86
(0.60–1.23)		 62 1.28
(0.89–1.85)		 63 1.10
(0.77–1.57)		 65 1.15
(0.82–1.63)		 54 0.90
(0.61–1.31)
3 55 0.85
(0.59–1.21)		 53 0.81
(0.56–1.18)		 65 1.43
(0.99–2.06)		 56 0.99
(0.68–1.44)		 59 1.18
(0.82–1.68)		 62 1.10
(0.76–1.60)
4 58 1.02
(0.71–1.45)		 71 1.14
(0.81–1.62)		 67 1.49
(1.03–2.15)		 69 1.19
(0.83–1.70)		 60 1.22
(0.85–1.75)		 73 1.29
(0.89–1.86)
Ptrend 0.85 0.51 0.03 0.46 0.27 0.10
Small cells 1 50 ref 43 ref 48 ref 38 ref 46 ref 41 ref
2 41 0.88
(0.58–1.33)		 42 1.04
(0.68–1.60)		 44 1.06
(0.70–1.60)		 32 0.97
(0.60–1.56)		 43 1.05
(0.69–1.59)		 36 0.91
(0.57–1.43)
3 40 0.90
(0.59–1.37)		 34 0.88
(0.56–1.39)		 34 0.88
(0.56–1.37)		 47 1.47
(0.95–2.27)		 32 0.86
(0.54–1.36)		 44 1.18
(0.76–1.84)
4 24 0.64
(0.39–1.06)		 36 1.04
(0.66–1.64)		 29 0.81
(0.51–1.30)		 38 1.19
(0.75–1.88)		 34 0.93
(0.59–1.46)		 34 1.00
(0.62–1.61)
Ptrend 0.12 0.92 0.30 0.21 0.57 0.71