FIG 3.

Therapeutic interventions in the microbiome for hrHPV infections. Current cervicovaginal microbiome-targeted therapies (CVMTs) include agents to lower the vaginal pH, such as probiotics and lactic acid. Potential CVMTs are the use of biofilm disruptive agents (BDA) and prebiotics to counteract harmful activities by BV-associated bacteria. Vaginal microbiome transplants (VMT) and phage therapy are promising therapies that can either replace or modify the vaginal microbiota, respectively. The successful application of these therapies in women with BV, hrHPV persistent infections, and cervical disease should result in a change of the microbial composition into a healthy, Lactobacillus-dominated microbiome, leading to hrHPV clearance and disease regression.