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. 2022 Aug 29;13(5):e01131-22. doi: 10.1128/mbio.01131-22

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Copyright © 2022 Li et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

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FIG 3 — Seasonal variations in gut microbiomes in three honey bee subspecies. (A to C) Relative abundances of gut microbial phylotypes revealed by 16S rRNA V4. (A) Apis mellifera carnica; (B) Apis mellifera ligustica; (C) Apis mellifera mellifera. (D) Variations in live gut bacterial loads in honey bee gut at different times. Gut bacterial load (CFU) counting results for summer (June), early winter (November), midwinter (January), and late winter (March) are shown. (E) Alpha-diversities of gut microbiomes in three honey bee subspecies at different times. (F) NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity determined by 16S rRNA V4. (G) Correlation between the diversity of the gut microbiome and host genetic divergence (Fst). *, P < 0.05 (Wilcoxon test).