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. 2022 Oct 12;12:996778. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.996778

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Copyright © 2022 Yangyanqiu and Shuwen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanism of bacterial DNA integration into the human genome and induction of cancers. Bacteria excrete DNA through direct exclusion, outer membrane vesicle (OMV) excretion, type IV secretion system (T4SS), etc., and human cells receive exogenous DNA with transformation ability. Bacteria can induce human DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) or double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a variety of signaling pathways, providing conditions for DNA integration into the human genome. Human cells integrate exogenous bacterial DNA into the exon or intron region and activate carcinogenic signaling pathways and induce tumors by enhancing proto-oncogene expression or weakening tumor suppressor gene expression in the human genome.