Table 6:
developmental PFAS exposure and the epigenome in the context of cardiovascular health
| Exposure details | Window of exposure | Model | Epigenetic/molecular effect | Phenotype | Sex specificity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFOS and PFOA concentrations in maternal serum | Gestation | Human | In cord blood, 4 differentially methylated CpGs met FDR cutoff; several CpGs showed changes that overlapped between 2 cohorts; 1 differentially methylated region identified met FWER cutoff; several CpGs, regions map to CVD-relevant genes, including ZFP57, NTN-1 | Not investigated | Not reported | [187] |
| Cord blood levels of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFDA, and PFNA | Gestation | Human | In cord blood, 10 598 differentially methylated CpGs with PFOS in males, linked to pathways including cardiac proliferation | Not investigated | Yes—15% of male-specific CpGs linked to X chromosome | [192] |
| PFOS and PFOA levels in umbilical cord serum | Gestation | Human | Inverse correlation between serum PFOA and global DNA methylation in umbilical cord serum | Not investigated | Not reported | [193] |
| Concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFUA in cord blood | Gestation | Human | Inverse association between PFOS and Alu methylation in cord blood | Not investigated | Not reported | [194] |
| Levels of PFOA and PFOS in newborn dried blood spots | Gestation | Human | In dried blood spots, >90th percentile PFOA concentration correlated with DNA methylation CpG near SCRT2, SRXN1; >90th percentile PFOS concentration was related to a CpG in GVIN1 in boys and a CpG in ZNF26 in girls). Log-scaled, continuous PFOS concentration associated with methylation of CpG in PTBP1, a gene associated with cardiovascular disease and development | Not investigated | Yes | [195] |